AP HUG Study Guide Final Exam

What is a state?

A politically organized area with defined borders a permanent population.

What is a nation?

A group of people with a common culture language.

What is a nation-state?

A state whose borders align with a single nation (e.g. Japan

What are centripetal forces?

Factors that unify a state like a common language.

What are centrifugal forces?

Factors that divide a state like ethnic tensions.

Describe Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory.

• Core: Developed, wealthy (e.g., U.S., Germany)

• Semi-Periphery: Developing, industrializing (e.g., India, Mexico)

• Periphery: Poor, dependent (e.g., Mali, Haiti)

What is devolution? Give examples.

Transfer of power from central to local governments. Examples: ethnocultural (Scotland) economic (Catalonia) Territorial/Spatial (U.S. island territories, Nunavut (Canada))

What is gerrymandering?

Manipulating voting district boundaries to favor a political party

What are the types of boundaries?

Geometric: Straight lines (U.S.-Canada)

Physical: Rivers, mountains (U.S.-Mexico: Rio Grande)

Cultural: Based on language or religion

What are the types of boundary disputes?

Definitional: border legal language

Locational: disagreement on border location

Operational: dispute on how border is managed

Allocational: dispute over resources

What is a stateless nation?

A cultural group without a political state (e.g. Kurds, Rawanga

What is sovereignty?

A state’s power to govern itself without outside control

What is the difference between unitary and federal states?

Unitary = central government holds power (France); Federal = power is shared between levels (U.S.)

What are supranational organizations? Give examples.

Organizations involving multiple countries. Global: UN, NATO

Regional: EU

Where were the hearths of agriculture?

Southwest Asia (Fertile Crescent), East Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Mesoamerica, Andes

What is the Von Thünen Model?

Explains land use in rings around a city based on cost of transportation and perishability of goods

Agricultural Revolutions

1st: Neolithic (8,000 BCE) – domestication of plants and animals figured out planting roots can grow crops.

2nd: Industrial era – machinery, improved techniques

3rd: Green Revolution – GMOs, pesticides, higher yields

What is subsistence farming? Where is it practiced?

Farming to feed the farmer’s family. Practiced in LDCs.

Types: Shifting cultivation: Tropics (Amazon, Congo)

Pastoral nomadism: Arid areas (Middle East, Central Asia)

Intensive subsistence: Asia (rice farming)

Where were the hearths of early cities?

Mesopotamia, Nile Valley, Indus Valley, Huang He, Mesoamerica

What are suburbs and edge cities?

Suburbs: residential areas outside cities. Edge cities: business and shopping areas that develop in suburbs

What are the North American city models?

Concentric Zone: Rings (CBD in the center)- Ernest Burgess

Sector Model: Sectors/wedges from CBD- Homer Hoyt

Multiple Nuclei: Several centers of activity- Chauncy Harris, Edward Ullman

Galactic city model: there’s a highway might have a green belt. -Chauncy Harris

What is Central Place Theory?

Explains how and where services are distributed based on market areas and thresholds.Hexagons -Walter Christaller

City Models Outside North America

Latin American: CBD with commercial spine, squatter settlements- Griffin and Ford

Sub-Saharan Africa: 3 CBDs (colonial, traditional, market)-Deblij

SE Asian: Port city center, mixed land use-T.G. McGee

What are top global cities?

New York, London, Tokyo, Paris, Singapore

GDP, GNP, GNI

GDP: Total output within a country

GNP: Output by a country’s citizens, inside or outside

GNI: GDP + net income from abroad

Problem: Don’t show inequality or informal economy

What is the difference between formal and informal economy?

Formal: Regulated, taxed jobs (teacher, banker)

Informal: Unregulated jobs (street vendor)

What are the 5 sectors of the economy?

Primary: Farming, fishing

Secondary: Manufacturing, factory work

Tertiary: Services (retail, education)

Quaternary: Research, IT

Quinary: CEO, government leader

What is Rostow’s model?

Traditional

Preconditions for take-off

Take-off

Drive to maturity

Mass consumption

What are structural adjustment loans and microcredit loans?

Structural Adjustment: IMF/World Bank loans with reform conditions

Microcredit: Small loans to individuals (e.g., Grameen Bank)

What caused the Industrial Revolution?

Started in UK midlands Access to coal, labor, capital, and innovation

Why is Japan a miracle in industrialization?

Industrialized rapidly after WWII with few natural resources

What is containerization and what are break-of-bulk points?

Using containers for shipping; connects to break-of-bulk points (where goods are transferred)

What is outsourcing and where are jobs outsourced?

Sending jobs to other countries to cut costs
Common destinations: India, China, Mexico

What is agglomeration? Give examples in the U.S.

Clustering of similar businesses for benefits. Examples: Silicon Valley Wall Street

EPZs, SEZs, Maquiladoras

EPZ: Export Processing Zones (e.g., in Bangladesh)

SEZ: Special Economic Zones with fewer regulations (e.g., Shenzhen, China)

Maquiladoras: U.S. factories in Mexico near the border

Why was railroad transport important for industry?

Allowed goods and raw materials to move quickly and industries to locate away from coasts

How are trade and globalization connected?

Increased connections and interdependence among countries through exchange of goods, ideas, and capital