SFS TCI Summer 1

Tropical Marine Resource Studies

Pre-columbian occupants

Arawak, Tainos, Lucayan

Informal occupation period

France, Bermuda, piracy. THEN british force out and place under Bahamian rule

JAGS

first local Premier (prime minister) of TCI

Past TCI economies (6)

Sisal, sponge, whaling, farming, guano mining, cattle

Nonrenewable resources

finite amount available, potential to be used up

Potentially renewable resources

it extracted responsibly we can use indefinitely

rennewable resources

used again & again on a human timescale

Passive fishing (4 qualities)

less effort, inexpensive, lower environmental damage, animal comes to the gear

Active fishing (4 qualities)

more effort, expensive, higher environmental damage, you go after the animal

UNCLOS

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; created exclusive economic zones

Exclusive economic zones

200m out from coastline of country, others not allowed to fish for free there

Impacts of a shifting baseline

increased tolerance for environmental degredation, inappropriate baselines for “natural state”, bad for nature conservation, restoration, and management

TCI current spiny lobster fishing regulations (5)

minimum size & weight, closed spawning season, no SCUBA, no catching reproductive females, some no-catch areas

ecosystem

biotic & abiotic interactions within a given area

ecosystem function

biological, geochemical, physical processes & components occurring within a region

resilience (and the 3 R’s)

capacity to experience disturbance w/o long term change (resistance, recovery, reversibility)

complimentarity

different species use the same resource differently

redundancy

species have similar ecological roles

facilitation

one species improves environmental conditions for another species

keystone species

large env. impact relative to population size

4 ecosystem services with examples

Provisioning (lumber), Supporting (nutrient cycling), Cultural (recreation), Regulating (climate change prevention)

geography

study of the Earth’s physical & human charactaristics

physical geography

interactions in Earth’s natural world

human geography

how people interact with their environment

geospatial data

associated with a particular location

remote sensing

satellite use

Pros of satellite use (3)

see erosion, unmanned, compatible with software

Cons of satellite use (5)

expensive, orbital (can’t control when it’s where), only provides surface data, image quality changes with time, can’t distinguish heights

lidar

light detection and ranging

pros of drones

high res, repeatable missions, low env. disturbance

cons of drones

weather dependency, training required, minimal flight time, regulatory restrictions

ocean acidification

ocean shifting towards neutral pH — in acid direction

effect of ocean acidification on fisheries (spawning)

spawning is weather and temperature dependent

things affecting distribution patterns (7)

light, temps, salinity, predators, water chemistry, currents, oxygen availability

mismatch hypothesis

changes in ocean acidity & chemistry affect larval food availability

phylum/class/scientific name of queen conch

Mollusca, Gastropoda, Aliger Gigas

mantle (queen conch)

secretes calcium for the shell

whorl (queen conch)

1 whorl is a complete revolution around the center axis

periostratum (queen conch)

thin outer tissue layer on conch, usually tan or brown

midden (queen conch)

island of knocked conch shells

2 stalks (internal anatomy queen conch)

regenerative potential, eyes, sensory tentacles

siphen (queen conch internal)

“breathing" apparatus, brings water in and out of the body

mouth (queen conch internal)

“trunk-like”, gathers algae, contains beak

operculum (queen conch)

“door” that can be shut for protection, also used for locomotion

radula (queen conch)

scraping feeding organ

“groupies” (queen conch)

hang around the conch, barnacles, algae, conchfish, limpits

dioecious

containing both male and female reproductive parts

Caribbean Spiny Lobster phylum, class, scientific name

Arthropoda, Crustacea, Panulirus Argus

stribulation (lobster)

rasping noise using plecturum to deter predators

“berried” (spiny lobsta 🦞 )

female carrying eggs (illegal to catch)

green turtle status

endangered, population decreasing

hawsbill turtle status

critically endangered, pop decreasing

loggerhead turtle status

vulnerable, rare to see

leatherback turtle status

vulnerable, population decreasing

in-water turtle capture methods (3)

freedive, rodeo, SCUBA

biometric turtle data

length, width, tail dimensions, damages and/or visible disease

threats to turtles (6)

garbage & plastic, light pollution, predation from invasive species, ghost fishing gear, loss of nesting habitat (from development and erosion), climate change

MPA

space in the ocean with more regulated human activity than surrounding areas

IUCN classification system from most to least protected

strict nature reserve, wilderness area, national park, national monument, habitat/species management area, landscape protected area, managed resource protection area

natural heritage conservation goals

protect ecosystems and their services

cultural heritage conservation goals

traditional connections to the sea

sustainable production conservation goals

help save exploited species and ecosystems

multiple-use marine area

recreation allowed w/ some restrictions

no-take zone

no extraction, some recreation is ok

no-impact zone

recreation is ok, NO other activites of any kind

no-

no-access zone

no contact of any kind with the area

3 types of enforcement for MPAs (timing/consistency)

year-round, seasonal, rotating

coral phylum

cnidaria

coral reefs

biogenetic strucures made up of corals and other materials/organisms

hexacorralia

stony corals and anemones; six septa, non-branching, no tentacles

octocorralia

soft corals, 8 septa and tentacles, 8-radial symmetry surrounding axial rod, branched,

endocnidozoa

microscopic endoparasites

cuboza

box jellies

hydrozoa

fire corals

scyphozoa

true jellies

polyp

single individual, creates calcium carbonate skeleton, forms large colonies

budding

asexual growth method for corals, either one polyp divides into two (intra-cellular) or a polyp forms in the space between 2 others

types of coral colonies (7)

branching, columnar, encrusted, massive, laminar/plate-like, free-living, foliaceous

meandroid

polyps lack a complete skeletal wall, found in brain coral

asexual reproduction types in corals

budding, fragmentation, bailout

fragmentation

pieces break off and form new colonies (think restoration)

bailout

rare, one polyp leaves mother colony and starts a new colony in a new area

sexual reproduction types in corals

brooding, spawning

brooding

internal fertilization and larval development, many reproductive cycles and few gametes each cycle

spawning

external fertilization and larval development, few reproductive cycles and many gametes each cycle

heterotrophy in corals

tentacles used to gather particles and insert into the mouth

autotrophy in corals

zooxanthellae photosynthesize, giving the energy to the corals. In return the Z receive coral waste products to use for photosynthesis (mutualism)

biogenetic reefs

build around foundational structure species

fringing reef

close to the shore, wave energy barrier

patch reef

small & isolated

barrier reef

runs parallel to shore but separated by deep ocean water trench

atolls

submerged mountain/volcano, fringe reef remains shallow (forms a ring) — pacific ocean only

reef rugosity

nooks & crannies formed by reef structures

phase shift

sudden change from one ecosystem type to another (usually from high biodiversity and high productiv

3 principles of fishery management

1. sustainability of fish stock

2. effective management

3. ecosystem impacts

MSY

maximum sustainable yield

MEY

maximum economic yield

biological goals for fisheries

reach and maintain target goals for fish populations

ecological goals for fisheries

ensure habitats & ecosystems are not harmed