ELA Exam

Ethos

Ethos refers to the appeal to ethics and credibility in persuasive communication, establishing the speaker's authority and trustworthiness. It can appeal to fundamental rights. Ethos also includes testimonials.

Logos

Logos is the appeal to logic and reasoning in persuasive communication, utilizing facts, statistics, and logical arguments to persuade the audience. Can use buzz words such as better, natural, etc.

Pathos

Pathos is the appeal to emotion in persuasive communication, aiming to evoke feelings such as sympathy, anger, or joy to engage the audience and influence their response.

Dramatic Irony

People in story don’t know something is going to happen, but as a reader we do. This creates tension and suspense, as the audience anticipates the outcome while characters remain unaware.

Verbal Irony

Someone says one thing but doesn’t literally mean it; that statement has an underlying meaning, but the underlying meaning shows the real intent.

Situational Irony

An occurance is the opposite of what we would expect; it often highlights the unpredictability of life and the contrast between appearance and reality.

Sonnet

A poetic form consisting of 14 lines, typically with a specific rhyme scheme and meter, often exploring themes of love or nature.

Quatrain

A stanza of four lines, often with alternating rhyme schemes. It is a common structure in various poetic forms.

Couplet

A pair of consecutive rhyming lines in a poem, often sharing the same meter and forming a complete thought.

Amibugity

An idea or detail open to the reader’s interpretation; this is done on purpose by the author.Ambiguity in literature is often used to enhance depth and provoke thought, allowing for multiple meanings and interpretations.

Imagery

The use of vivid and descriptive language in literature that appeals to the senses, helping readers visualize scenes and experience emotions.

Mood

The emotional atmosphere or feeling evoked in a literary work, influenced by word choice, setting, and tone.

olfactory

Imagery that relates to the sense of smell.

Tactile

Imagery that pertains to the sense of touch, invoking sensations such as texture and temperature.

Visual

Imagery that pertains to the sense of sight, creating mental pictures through detailed descriptions.

Auditory

Imagery that relates to the sense of hearing, evoking sounds and melodies through descriptive language.

Gustatory

Imagery that pertains to the sense of taste, stimulating flavors and sensations through descriptive language.

Femenist Literary Theory & Criticsm

A movement that examines literature through the lens of gender, focusing on women's roles, experiences, and the representation of gender in texts. It explores how literature both reflects and challenges societal norms about gender and power.

Marxist (Communism) Literary Theory

A critical approach that analyzes literature in relation to the socio-economic context, emphasizing class struggle, material conditions, and the ways in which literature reinforces or challenges capitalist ideologies.

Psychonalytic Literary Theory

A critical approach that interprets literature through the lens of psychological theories, especially those of Freud, examining the unconscious desires, anxieties, and motivations of characters and authors.

Id

In psychoanalytic theory, the Id is the primal part of the psyche that represents innate drives and urges, operating on the pleasure principle. It seeks immediate gratification of desires and impulses without considering reality or moral constraints. Ex: cheatingand lying to fulfill those desires without regard for consequences.

Ego

In psychoanalytic theory, the Ego is the rational part of the psyche that mediates between the desires of the Id and the moral constraints of the Superego. It operates on the reality principle, considering social norms and consequences before acting.

Superego

In psychoanalytic theory, the Superego is the ethical component of the personality that provides the moral standards by which the ego operates. It internalizes societal norms and values, often acting as a counterbalance to the desires of the Id.

New Historical Literary Theory

A literary criticism approach that emphasizes the importance of historical context in understanding texts. It examines how cultural, social, and historical factors influence a literary work and its interpretation.

Hook/Attention Getter

A rhetorical device used at the beginning of a text or speech to engage the audience's interest and encourage them to continue reading or listening. Ex: Set the Scence, Quotation, Ancedote, Universal Statement.

Bridge

Several Sentences to follow your attention getter, connect to your thesis, and explain the background information your reader needs.

Thesis

Your main idea for your paper. You already wrote this in your pre-write. The thesis is the final sentence of your introduction.

Topic Sentence

Clearly provides a focus for this paragraph

Devleop

Provide context for the qutoe, which means introducing the meaning of the quote and the speaker

Internalize

Internalize the quote and make sure it flows in the writing. Make sure to cite it properly

Commentary

2 Sentences and This shows that

- How do you move between one idea and the next in a body paragraph?

use transitional words or phrases, also known as transition words

- What word choices are not appropriate in formal writing?

• Informal. Every academic writing needs to be written in formal language with the usage of appropriate words

• Vague

• Cliches

• Abbreviations

• Complex words

• Exaggeration

• Slang.

- What are the parts of a conclusion, and what does each do?

Reword your thesis- state the ideas of your thesis- again but use different words

Give closing thoughts on what you said in each of your body paragraphs

Related insight- a final thought to leave your reader thinking

- What is the difference between paraphrasing, summarizing, and quoting?

Paraphrasing involves rephrasing the original text in your own words, summarizing condenses the main ideas into a shorter form, and quoting uses the exact words from the original text

- In an argumentative essay, what is a claim, counterclaim, and a rebuttal?

the claim is the main point or thesis statement that the author is trying to prove. The counterclaim is an opposing argument or viewpoint that challenges the main claim. A rebuttal is a response to the counterclaim, where the author refutes the opposing argument and strengthens their own claim. 

- What kind of reasoning(s) should you focus on when you are gathering information from sources for a research paper? Pathos, ethos, logos? 

When gathering information for a research paper, it's crucial to focus on logos (logic and reason), ethos (credibility), and pathos (emotional appeals). While all three are important, logos should be the primary focus for academic research as it establishes a strong, logical foundation for your argument. Ethos helps build trust in your sources and your own argument, and pathos, while potentially used, should be used sparingly and strategically to avoid overwhelming your readers with emotional appeals. 

- What does it mean to “internalize” (or embed) a quote? Also, what does a quote that has been properly internalized look like?

To "internalize a quote" means to deeply absorb and make it part of your own understanding, beliefs, and way of thinking, so that it becomes a guiding principle in your actions and decisions.it's typically represented using italics instead of quotation marks, and may or may not include a "thought tag" to indicate the internal nature of the thought

- What is an in-text citation? Where does it go? How should it be punctuated?

Punctuation generally follows the in-text citation, with a period usually placed outside the parentheses at the end of the sentence

- What goes in the in-text citation if there is an author? If there isn't an author? What if two articles have the same title?

For your in-text citation, just use the author's name or the title of the work if there is no author given. For your Works Cited list, just leave the page number part out