lcs

Psycho

• mind

• thoughts

• emotions

Social

• interact

development

process of growing or changing

ERIK ERIKSON (1902-1944)

• lifespan model

• we pass through eight

stages,

Age

• what is the specific period

• the typical life period during which a psychosocial stage and challenge usually occur

Conflict

• the main psychological struggle between two opposing

• outcomes that a person must resolve

Virtue

• the positive strength or value gained when the conflict is successfully resolved

INFANCY

Age: 0-1 year

Basic Conflict: Trust vs. Mistrust

Virtue: Hope

How does a baby learn to feel safe with people?

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Age: 1-3 years

Basic Conflict: Autonomy vs. Shame or Doubt

Virtue: Will

What happens when a child is not allowed to do things on their own?

PLAY AGE

Age: 3-6 years

Basic Conflict: Initiative vs. Guilt

Virtue: Purpose

How can a child learn to be confident in trying new things?

SCHOOL AGE

Age: 7-11 years

Basic Conflict: Industry vs. Inferiority

Virtue: Competence

How do success and failure affect a child’s confidence?

ADOLESCENCE

Age: 12-18 years

Basic Conflict: identity vs. Confusion

Virtue: Fidelity

“Who am I?”

Why do teenagers often struggle to know

who they really are?

EARLY ADULTHOOD

Age: 19-29 years

Basic Conflict: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Virtue: Love

What makes a person feel connected instead

of lonely?

MIDDLE AGE

Age: 30-64 years

Basic Conflict: Generativity vs. Stagnation

Virtue: Care

How can an adult show they are making a

difference in life?

OLD AGE

Age: 65 onwards

Basic Conflict: integrity vs. Despair

Virtue: Wisdom

What makes an old person feel proud of their

life?

JAMES MARCIA’S FOUR IDENTITY STATUSES (1966)

JAMES MARCIA (1937 - )

• He proposed four identity statuses

• He expanded Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development by explaining that adolescents develop their identity in different ways.

Identity

A person's understanding of who they are, including their beliefs, values, interests, personality, and goals.

Identity Development

The lifelong process of discovering, exploring,

and forming one's unique identity.

Identity Status

A stage or condition that describes a person’s level of exploration and commitment in developing their identity

Exploration

looking at different choices, beliefs, interests, or career options

Commitment

deciding which beliefs, goals, or career path you will follow

identity diffusion

• Has no clear goals

• Shows little interest in planning for the future

• Easily influenced by peers

• Avoids making important decisions

• May lack motivation

• NO COMMITMENT

• NO EXPLORATION

IDENTITY FORECLOSURE

• NO EXLORING

• YES COMMITMENT

• decisions are based on the expectations of parents, relatives, or other authority figures.

• Accepts others' decisions without questioning

• Has clear goals, but did not personally explore alternative

• Follows family traditions or expectations

• May later question these decisions

IDENTITY MORATORIUM

• YES EXPLORE

• NO COMMITMENT

• Curious and open to new experiences

• Explores different careers, hobbies, and beliefs

• Asks many questions

• May feel uncertain or confused

• Carefully considers different choices before deciding

IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT

• YES EXPLORE

• YES COMMITMENT

• explored different possibilities

• Curious and open to new experiences.

• Explores different careers, hobbies, and beliefs.

• Asks many questions.

• May feel uncertain or confused.

• Carefully considers different choices before deciding

Strength Training

• exercises that improve muscle strength (e.g., lifting weights, resistance bands)

Cardio

• increase heart rate and endurance (e.g., running, swimming)

Flexibility

enhances the range of motion (e.g., stretching, yoga)

Virtue

activities that improve stability and coordination (e.g., balance exercises, tai chi)

PHYSICAL FITNESS

Physical fitness is the ability of the body to perform dailyactivities with energy, efficiency, and alertness without becoming overly tired.

It also means having enough reserveenergy to enjoy leisure activities and handle unexpectedsituations, such as climbing several flights of stairs during an emergency.

BENEFITS OF PHYSICAL FITNESS

• Increases energy and endurance

• Reduces stress and anxiety

• Enhances self-esteem and confidence

• Improves concentration and academic performance

• Promotes better sleep and overall well-being

• Improves heart and lung function

• Strengthens muscles and bones

• Helps maintain a healthy body weight

• Reduces the risk of lifestyle-related diseases

• Improves posture and body coordination

Health-related Fitness

- includes cardiovascular endurance, muscular

strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition, which

help maintain overall health and prevent diseases

Skill-related Fitness

- includes agility, balance, coordination, power,

reaction time, speed, and accuracy, which are important in sports and

physical activities

FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL FITNESS

• Regular Exercise

• Proper Nutrition

• Adequate Rest and Sleep

• Age

• Lifestyle Choices

• Genetics

Regular Exercise

• consistent physical activity strengthens the body

Proper Nutrition

• eating a balanced diet provides energy and nutrients needed for growth and exercise

Adequate Rest and Sleep

• the body repairs and grows during sleep

Age

- physical abilities naturally change as people grow older

Lifestyle Choices

healthy habits improve fitness, while smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and inactivity reduce it

Genetics

- some physical characteristics are inherited, but healthy habits remain the most important factor in improving fitness

Cardiovascular endurance

DEFINITION: the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the body's muscles during prolonged physical activity.

IMPORTANCE

Good ____ allows you to perform activities for longer periods without becoming easily tired.

EXAMPLES

Brisk walking

Running

Swimming

Cycling

Dancing

Jump rope

2. Muscular Strength

Def

Muscular strength is the maximum amount of force a muscle can produce in one effort.

Impor

Strong muscles help you lift, push, pull, and carry objects safely and efficiently.

Ex

Lifting heavy objects

Push-ups Weight

training

Carrying groceries

3 Muscular endurance

is the ability of muscles to perform repeated movements or maintain force over a long period.

Impo

It allows you to continue physical activities without your muscles becoming easily fatigued

Planking

Sit ups

Cycling long

distances

Rowing Climbing stairs

4. Flexibility

Def

Flexibility is the ability of the joints and muscles to move through their full range of motion.

Impo

Good flexibility helps prevent injuries, improves posture, and makes movement easier.

Ex

Stretching

exercises

Yoga

Gymnastics

Dance

5. Body Composition

Def

Body composition refers to the proportion of fat, muscle, bones, and other tissues that make up the body.

Impo

Maintaining a healthy body composition reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease.

Ex

Balanced diet

Regular

exercise

Adequate

sleep

Healthy

lifestyle habits

Skill-Related Components of Physical Fitness

Agility

Balance

Coordination

Power

Reaction time

Speed

Accuracy

1. Agility

Def

The ability to change direction quickly while maintaining balance and control.

Ex

Badminton

Football

Basketball

Balance

Def

The ability to maintain body position while standing still or moving

Ex

Standing on one foot

Yoga poses

Skateboarding

Gymnastics

3. Coordination

Def

The ability to use different body parts together smoothly and efficiently

Ex

Catching a ball

Dribbling in basketball

Typing

Dancing

4. Power

Def

The ability to exert maximum force quickly

Ex

High jump

Long jump

Sprint starts

Volleyball spike

3. Coordination

Def

The amount of time it takes to respond to a stimulus.

Ex

Catching a falling ruler

Goalkeeper saving a

soccer ball

Responding to the starting signal in a race

6. Speed

Def

The ability to move the body or body parts quickly.

Ex

Sprinting Swimming races

Cycling

Running during sports

Mindfulness

- the practice of paying full attention to the present moment with openness and without judgment

Mindfulness Skills

- techniques that help individuals become aware of their thoughts, emotions, bodily sensations, and surroundings while responding calmly and intentionally

Mindfulness Practice

- activities or routines that help cultivate mindfulness, such as mindful breathing, meditation, and body scanning

Physiological Development

- the improvement of the body's physical functions and overall health through healthy habits and activities

Mindfulness Skills

Observing

Describing

Acting with Awareness

Non-Judging

Non-Reactivity

Observing

Def

This means noticing your surroundings, thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations.

Ex

You notice that your shoulders feel tense before giving a presentation.

Describing

Def

This involves putting your observations into words without exaggerating or judging them.

Ex

Acting with Awareness

Def

This means giving your full attention to what you are doing instead of acting automatically.

Ex

Instead of checking your phone while eating, you focus on enjoying your meal.

Non-Judging

Def

This means accepting your thoughts and emotions without labeling them as "good" or "bad."

Ex

Instead of saying, "I shouldn't feel stressed," you acknowledge, "I'm feeling stressed today, and that's okay."

Non-Reactivity

Def

This means allowing thoughts and emotions to come and go without immediately acting on them.

Ex

Instead of replying angrily to a hurtful message, you pause, breathe, and think before responding.

Mindfulness breathing

Def

Focus your attention on your breathing by slowly inhaling and exhaling.

Benefits

Calms the nervous system

Reduces stress

Improves concentration

Body Scan

Slowly pay attention to different parts of your body, noticing areas of tension or relaxation.

Bene

Increases body

awareness

Promotes relaxation

Helps reduce muscle tension

Mindful Walking

Walk slowly while paying attention to each step, your breathing, and your surroundings.

Bene

Improves focus

Encourages relaxation

Provides gentle physical activity

Mindful Eating

Eat slowly while paying attention to the taste, smell, texture, and appearance of your food.

Bene

Encourages healthier

eating habits

Prevents overeating

Increases appreciation for food

Gratitude Reflection

Spend a few minutes thinking about things you are thankful for.

Promotes positive thinking

Improves emotional well-being

Reduces negative emotions

Guided Meditation

Listen to a teacher, counselor, or recorded audio that leads you through relaxation exercises

Reduces anxiety

Improves emotional regulation

Enhances self-awareness