RAD111 Procedures I Final Review

Tissues that cover internal and external surface son the body

Epithelial

Supportive tissue that bind together and support various structures

Connective

Study of bones

Osteology

Strained and voluntary muscle

Skeletal muscle

Involuntary muscle located in walls of hollow internal organs

Smooth muscle

Muscle found in the walls of the heart and is involuntary but striated

Cardiac muscle

The axial skeleton has how many bones

80

The appendicular skeleton has how many bones

126

Oval shaped bones embedded in tendons

Sesamoid

Long bones

Femur, humerus, tibia, fibula, etc

The outer shell of bones, composed of hard dense bone tissue

Compact bone

Highly porous bone and contains red bone marrow, usually inside the compact bone and at the ends of each long bone

Spongy/cancellous bone

A dense fibrous membrane that covers bone excpet at the articulating surfaces

Periosteum

Short bones

carpals and tarsals

Flat bones

Skull cap, ribs, sternum

Irregular bones

Vertebrae, facial bones, cranial bones, pelvis

2 types of bone formation

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

When bone replaces membranes the ossification is called

Intramembranous

When bone replaces the cartilage the ossification is called

Endochondroal (intracartilaginous)

Primary center of ossification

diaphysis

Secondary center of ossification

epiphysis

Cartilaginous plates in long bones found between the metaphysics and each epiphysis

Epiphyseal plates

The wider portion of long bone adjacent to epiphyseal plate. The area where bone grows in length

Metaphysis

Epiphyseal fusion occurs from the age of puberty to age

20-25

Sthentic body habits makes up what percent of the population

50%

Hyposthentic body habitus makes up what percent of the population

35%

Hypersthenic body habitus makes up what percent of the population

5%

Asthentic body habitus makes up what percent of the population

10%

Asthenic body habitus are people who are

Thin with long and narrow body, slighter in stature than the hyposthenic patient

Another name for portrait

Lengthwise

Another name for landscape

Crosswise

Common projection terms

PA

AP

PA oblique

AP oblique

Mediolateral

lateromedial

Dorsal recumbent is

Lying on back (supine)

Ventral recumbent is

Lying on stomach (prone)

SMV projection

Submentovertical where CR enters below chin and exits at vertex of skull

Reverse of SMV projection

Verticosubmental (VSM), enters at top of skull, exits below mandible

Ipsilateral

Same side of body

Contralateral

opposite side of body

The rules acceptable conduct toward patients and other health care team members, as well as personal actions and behaviors defined within the profession

Code of ethics

What is the ASRT ACE campaign?

Announce

Communicate

Explain

How many projections do post reduction upper and lower limbs require

2

A pelvis study requires how many projections

1, unless a hip injury is suspected

The primary controlling factor of receptor exposure

mAs

What controls the QUANTITY (number) of xray photos in the x-ray beam

MAs

The secondary controlling factor of receptor exposure and primarily controls the QUALITY or enegery

KVp

Penetrating power is also known as

KVp

Inverse square law

SID

Inverse square law

If SID is increased by a factor of 2, the xray beam is reduced to a factor of 4

If SID is decreased by a factor of 2, the intestine of the xray beam is increased by a factor of 4

Recorded sharpness of strucutres on the Image, image detail, recorded detail, image shaprness

Spatial resolution

Greatest deterrent to spatial resolutuion

Motion

Misrepresentation of object size or shape

distortion

4 controlling factors for distortion

SID

OID

OID receptor alignment

CR centering

The number of xray photons that strike the receptor (mAs)

Signal

Random disturbance that obscures or reduces clarity

Noise

Is high or low SNR desirable

High SNR

Principles of radiation safety

Time, distance, shielding

Life time dose for rad techs

10 x your age (mSv)

Yearly dose limit for rad techs

50 mSv

General public and ppl under 18 dose limit

1 mSv

Pregnant workers monthly dose limit

0.5 mSv (50 mrem)

Pregnant workers gestation period dose limit

5 mSv

Gonadal shielding must have what mm lead equivalent to absorb 95-99% of primary rays

1 mm lead

Chapter 2

Chest

A passageway for food and fluids as well as air, making it common to the digestive and respiratory systems

pharynx

The larynx is at what levels

C3-C6

Laryngeal prominence is at what level

C5

Trachea levels

C6-T4 or T5

Order the glands from most superior to inferior

Parathyroid

Thymus

Thyroid

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Thymus

Is the right or left bronchus wider, shorter, and more vertical

Right

Food particles or foreign objects are most likely to be lodged into which bronchus? Right or left?

Right

Light spongy and highly elastic on the lungs that allows for the breathing mechanism for expansion and contraction

Parenchyma

Parietal pleura lines what

thoracic wall

Visceral pleura lines what

surface of the lungs

What is the apex of the lung

top of lung

What is the base of the lung

bottom of lung

Use grids when the kVp is over

100

You may need to center higher for what type of patient for chest

Geriatrics (T6-T7)

Inspiration and expiration chest images are taken for what pathology

- Small pneumothorax

- Fixation or lack of normal movement of the diaphragm

- Foreign body

- To distinguish between an opacity in the rib and one in the lung

SID for chest

72in

An excess of blood that results in part from relaxation of the distal small blood vessels or arterioles

Hypermia

What should you do with the PTs shoulder for a chest exam

Roll them forward

The clavicle that is closest to the spine means that

There is rotation to the side

Which lateral should be preformed on chest exams

Left lateral to decrease heart magnification

How can you tell when there is rotation or tilt in a lateral chest exam

Separation of ribs of 1/4th to 1/2 in and costophrenic angles

The top of the IR should be how many inches above the shoulders for chest exams

1.5 to 2 inches

For AP chest exams, how should you place the IR? Portrait or landscape

Landscape

Collapse of all or a portion of the lung

atelectasis

Dilation or widening of bronchi or bronchioles that result from repeated pulmonary infection or obstruction

Bronchiectasis

Acute or chronic condition where excessive mucus is secreted into the bronchi

Bronchitis

Air spaces in alveoli are enlarged as a result of alveolar wall destruction and loss of elasticity

Emphysema

Most common benign pulmonary mass found in peripheral regions of the lungs

Hamartoma

Fluid levels are best shown in what position

Lateral decubitius with affected side down

Inflammation of the pleura surrounding the lung

Pleurisy

Inflammation of lungs that results in accumulation of fluid within certain sections of the lungs

Pneumonia

For pneumonia, how should the PT be positioned

Lateral decubitus position with affected side up.

Excess in fluid in lung caused by a backup of pulmonary circulation associated with congestive heart failure

Pulmonary edema

Leakage of fluid and blood into spaces between alveoli or into the alveoli with formation of hyaline membranes

Respiratory distress syndrome

Respiration for chest exams

Expose at end of 2nd respiration

How many ribs should you see in a chest exam

1-10

Pneumothorax in left lung

How should you position the PT?

Right lateral decub (affected side up)