indigenous history

origins of indig

nomads from siberia who crossed land bridge that connected asia to americas; earliest inhabitants of new world 30,000 BCE. land bridge covered after glaciers melted post ice age

amer southwest

hopi and zuni, anasazi (not a term excepted by all)

mexico

aztec

peru

inca

ohio and miss valleys (cahokia)

moundbuilders

eastern woodlands

algonquian, iroquoian. language groups, v diff from other societies. not settled horticulturalists.

amer southwest

pueblo, terraced buildings and faming

treaty of tordesillas

spain west, portugal east (gets brazil b/c it’s eastern enough)

doctrine of discovery

allows ppl to lay claim to already inhabited lands b/c there aren’t any christians living there

diplomacy

trade - alcohol, guns metal goods

tribal political autonomy

territory

french better b/c even tho trade worse, kinder to indig than brit/amer are

ohio river

control of river = control of region b/c trade

pontiac’s rebellion

brit reneges on treaty w/ natives, ppl settle on native land → revolt. amer ultimately wins, but lead to declaration of 1763 that says can’t settle west of appalachain mountains

indian trade and intercourse act

fed gov gives indig livestock and tools, turn natives away from communal land ownership and possess private property

treaty of greenville

force natives to give up claims to contested land and permitted US to build forts around ohio (mostly east and north, south less organized and made treaties)

tecumseh

travel urging ppl to give up white ways and return to indig ways, spiritual and cultural renewal. urge resistance to amer aggression, repudiate land cessions to gov, travelt to convert ppl to his movement. results in battle to take back land → tecumseh dies. no more armed resistance after that

ghost dance

wovoke, paiute holy man, dreamed ceremony. participants reunite w/ dead relatives, buffalo returned, non-indians disappeared (in dream). swept through res 1890, sometimes seen as self torture, could stay in trance up to 24 hours. battle of wounded knee → massacre

sequoyah

made written version of cherokee language

cherokee nation v. georgia

SC said they did not have right to bring suit b/c not citizens of US

worcester v. georgia

white man brought case to court saying nation not sovereign if white ppl need a US license to be on their land, ruled that natives were in fact sovereign

fort laramie treaty

second one gave the black hills to Dakota and Lakota (both Sioux) people. first treaty just meant indig had to let travelers and gov on their land, and if they upheld their end the gov supposed to pay them.

1924

when did indigenous ppl become U.S. citizens?

indian reorganization act

decrease fed gov involvement and increase indig self government (1934)

wounded knee

massacre of indig people

battle of the little bighorn

killed custer

self determination act

no more boarding schools, 1975. could contract w/ fed government to operate programs the way they wanted to

relocation/termination

fed gov doesn’t want to be responsible anymore, that’s why not all tribes federally recognized. move indig to urban areas post war