Chapter 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

Gross Anatomy

the study of large, easily observable structures such as the heart or bones

Anatomy

the study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts and their relationships to one another

Gross Anatomy

the study of large, easily observable structures such as the heart or bones

tomy

meaning "to cut"

ana

means "apart"

Anatomy

related most closely to gross anatomical studies because in most studies, preserved animals or their organs are dissected (cut up) to be examined

Microscopic Anatomy

the study of body structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye, for example, cells & tissues of the body can only be seen through a microscope

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

physio

"nature"

logy

"the study of"

Neurophysiology

the branch of neuroscience that studies the workings of the nervous system

Cardiac Physiology

studies the function of the heart

Structure

determines what functions can take place

Atoms
Cells
Tissues
Organ
Organ System
Organism

the six levels of structural organization that make up the human body

Atoms

tiny building blocks of matter that combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins, like those that make up our muscles

Cells

the smallest units of all living things

Tissues

consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function

Organ

is a structure composed of two or more tissue types that performs a specific function for the body

small intestine

digests and absorbs food, is composed of all four tissue types

organ system

is a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

organism

made up of organ systems & represents the highest level of structural organization- the organismal level

organismal level

is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

Integumentary System

the external covering of the body, or the skin, including the hair and fingernails

Integumentary System

it waterproofs the body and cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injury

Integumentary System

with the help of sunlight, it produces vitamin D

Integumentary System

it excretes salts in perspiration and helps regulate body temperature

Integumentary System

organ system where sensory receptors are located to alert us to what is happening at the body surface

Skeletal System

organ system that consists of bones, cartilages, and joints

Skeletal System

supports the body and provides a framework that the skeletal muscles use to cause movement

Skeletal System

Organ system that has also protective functions (for example, the skull encloses and protects the brain), and the cavities of the skeleton are the sites where blood cells are formed. The hard substance of bones acts as a storehouse for minerals.

Muscular System

organ system that has only one function— to contract, or shorten

skeletal muscles

the large, fleshy muscles attached to bones

skeletal muscles

When these contract, you are able to stand erect, walk, jump, grasp, throw a ball, or smile

Nervous System

The body’s fast-acting control system. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

sensory receptors

detect changes in temperature, pressure, or light, and send messages (via electrical signals called nerve impulses) to the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) so that it is constantly informed about what is going on

central nervous system

assesses information and responds by activating the appropriate body effectors (muscles or glands, which are organs that produce secretions)

Endocrine System

like the nervous system it controls body activities, but it acts much more slowly

Endocrine glands

produce chemical molecules called hormones, and release them into the blood to travel to distant target organs

endocrine glands

include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, thymus, pancreas, pineal, ovaries (in the female), and testes (in the male)

endocrine glands

What they have in common is that they all secrete hormones, which regulate other structures

Cardiovascular System

its primary organs are the heart and blood vessels

Cardiovascular System

organ system that uses blood as a carrier, delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other substances to, and picks up wastes such as carbon dioxide from cells near sites of exchange

heart

propels blood out of its chambers into blood vessels to be transported to all body tissues

Lymphatic System

complements the cardiovascular system. Its organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and other lymphoid organs such as the spleen and tonsils

lymphatic vessels

When fluid is leaked into tissues from the blood,
_____ return it to the bloodstream so that there is enough blood to continuously circulate through the body.

lymph nodes

The _____ and other lymphoid organs help to cleanse the blood and house white blood cells involved in immunity.

Respiratory System

keeps the body supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

respiratory system

It consists of the nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

alveoli

tiny air sacs within the lungs

gases

are exchanged with the blood through the thin walls of the alveoli

digestive system

basically a tube running through the body from mouth to anus

digestive system

include the oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and rectum plus a number of accessory organs (liver, salivary glands, pancreas, and others)

Digestive System

break down food and deliver the resulting nutrients to the blood for dispersal to body cells

small intestine

The breakdown activities that begin in the
mouth are completed in the _____.

Digestive System

its major function is to absorb nutrients and reabsorb water

liver

is considered a digestive organ because the bile it produces helps to break down fats

pancreas

delivers digestive enzymes to the small intestine, has both endocrine and digestive functions

nitrogen

One type of waste contains _____ (examples
are urea and uric acid), which results when the body
cells break down proteins and nucleic acids, which
are genetic information molecules.

urinary system

removes the nitrogen-containing wastes from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine

urinary system

often called the excretory system, is composed of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

urinary system

functions of this system include maintaining the body’s water and salt (electrolyte) balance, regulating the acid-base balance of the blood, and helping to regulate normal blood pressure

reproductive system

organ system that has a role to produce offspring

male testes

produces the sperm

male reproductive system

structures are the scrotum, penis, accessory glands, and the duct system, which carries sperm to the outside of the body

female ovaries

produce eggs, or ova

female reproductive system

consists of the uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina

uterus

provides the site for the development of the fetus (immature infant) once fertilization has occurred

Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System

11 organ systems

integumentary system

what system is this?

skeletal system

what system is this?

Muscular System

what system is this?

Nervous System

what system is this?

Endocrine System

what system is this?

Cardiovascular System

what system is this?

Lymphatic System

what system is this?

Respiratory System

what system is this?

digestive system

what system is this?

Urinary System

what system is this?

male reproductive system

what system is this?

female reproductive system

what system is this?

Maintain boundaries
Take in and digest nutrients
Carry out metabolism
Dispose of wastes
Reproduce themselves
Grow

what a highly organized human body do

Organ Systems

work together to promote the well-being of the entire body

Maintain boundaries

Every living organism must be able to _____ so that its “inside” remains distinct from its “outside.”

Movement

includes all the activities promoted by the muscular system, such as propelling ourselves from one place to another (by walking, swimming, and so forth) and manipulating the external environment with our fingers

Movement

also occurs when substances such as blood, foodstuffs, air, and urine are propelled through the internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, respiratory, and urinary systems, respectively

Responsiveness (or irritability)

the ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the environment and then to react to them

Digestion

the process of breaking down ingested food into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood

Metabolism

refers to all chemical reactions that occur within the body and all of its cells

Metabolism

includes breaking down complex substances into simpler building blocks (as in digestion), making larger structures from smaller ones, and using nutrients and oxygen to produce molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities

Metabolism

depends on the digestive and respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body

Metabolism

is regulated chiefly by hormones secreted by the glands of the endocrine system

Excretion

the process of removing excreta, or wastes, from the body

Excretion

digestive system rids the body of indigestible food residues in feces, the urinary system disposes of nitrogen-containing metabolic wastes in urine, and the skin disposes of various waste products as components of sweat

Reproduction

production of offspring, can occur on the cellular or organismal level

cellular reproduction

the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair

Reproduction

the task of the organs of the reproductive system, which produce sperm and eggs

Reproduction

its function is regulated very precisely by hormones of the endocrine system