ch 11-14

storage on minerals and lipids for bone

stores calcium and phosphorus - bones release calcium when needed

blood cell production for bone

bone marrow makes blood cells - red bone marrow produces RBCs

leverage and movement for bone

bones act as levers that muscles pull on to produce movement - femur and leg muscles help kick ball

how bones serve as mineral reservoir

bones store minerals, mainly calcium and phosphorus

how bones serve homeostasis

when blood levels too low, bones release these minerals; when too high, bones store them, helping keep body level normal

how bones provide leverage for movement

muscles pull onto bones to create movement, with bones acting like levers

how joints are essential for function of bones providing leverage for movement

joints collect bones and allow them to move against each other, making body movement possible

irregular bones

complex shapes - vertebra, facial bones

sutural bones (worming bones)

small, irregular shapes bones between the flat bones of skill - #, shape, position vary

flat bones

thin parallel surfaces, root of skull, ribs, sternum

short bones

small and boxy - carpals and tarsals

sesamoid bones

small round and flat, inside tendons, joints of knee, hands, everyone has patella

long bones

long and slender - arms, legs, metacarpals

significance of bone markings foramina

openings for nerves and blood vessels

significance of bone markings for tubercles and trochanters

projection for muscles/ tendon attachment

significance of bone markings for condyles

rounded surfaces that form joints

significance of bone markings for fossa

depressions that receive another bone or provide space

significance of bone markings of canals

passageways for nerves and blood vessels

significance of bone markings of processes

projections for muscle/ligament attachment or joints

how bone marking relate to muscle attachment, articulation, or passage of nerve and BVs

-evealuations and projections are places for attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments

-holes are passageways for Bvs and nerves

diaphysis

shaft - comprised of composed bone

epiphysis

ends - comprised of primarily spongy bones

metaphysis

between diaphysis and epiphysis, site of growth plate or epiphyseal

periosteum

outer membrane of compact bone, interwoven with tendons attached to bone, fibrous outer layer and cellular inner layer

endosteum

cellular layer that lines medullary cavity and central canal and covers trabecular, active during bone growth, repair, and remodeling

medullary cavity

hollow tube w diaphysis, filled with bone marrow

compact bone

solid, strong, and resistant to bending, protect and support/ resist stress

spongy bone

provide some support and stores marrow, decreases mass of skeleton, allows stresses applies from many directions, supports and protects cells of red marrow

red bone marrow

found in epiphysis of line bones and in the interior of the sternum and ileum, makes blood cells

yellow bone marrow

found in medullary cavity, with age may replace red marrow (can be converted back)

calcium phosphate

makes up 2/3 of bone mass, hard and inflexible, brittle, can withstand compression, likely to shatter when bent, twisted, or sudden impact

collagen fibers

1/3 bone mass, strong flexible and tough, can easily tolerate twisting and bending