[P1] BT PART 2

Manual Excavation

Excavation performed using hand tools and manual labor. It is suitable for small projects, confined spaces, and areas where heavy equipment cannot operate.

Mechanical Excavation

Excavation carried out using heavy construction equipment to remove large volumes of soil efficiently and accurately

Open-Cut Excavation

A method in which soil is excavated from the ground surface to the required depth without constructing underground tunnels. It is commonly used for building foundations and basements.

Trench Excavation

A narrow and elongated excavation made to install underground utilities such as water lines, sewer pipes, electrical conduits, and drainage systems.

Rock Excavation

The removal of hard rock using hydraulic breakers, rippers, or controlled blasting when ordinary excavation equipment cannot penetrate the material

Benching

An excavation safety method in which the sides of the excavation are cut into horizontal steps or benches to reduce the risk of soil collapse.

Sloping

A method of cutting the sides of an excavation at an angle to increase stability and prevent cave-ins.

Shoring

A temporary support system installed to prevent the walls of an excavation from collapsing during construction.

Bracing

Horizontal, diagonal, or cross members installed between shoring supports to resist lateral soil pressure

Dewatering

The process of removing groundwater from an excavation using pumps, well points, or drainage systems to maintain a dry and stable work area

Sheet Piling

A temporary or permanent earth-retaining system made of interlocking steel, timber, or concrete sections driven into the ground to support excavation walls and control groundwater

Cofferdam

A temporary watertight enclosure built around an excavation below the water level to keep water out while construction is carried out.

Hydraulic Excavator

A heavy machine equipped with a boom, arm, bucket, and rotating cab used for digging, trenching, and material handling.

Backhoe Loader

A versatile machine with a front loader and rear excavator used for digging, loading, and backfilling operations.

Bulldozer

A crawler-mounted machine fitted with a large front blade used for clearing land, pushing soil, and rough grading

Wheel Loader

A machine designed to scoop, carry, and load loose materials such as soil, sand, and gravel into trucks.

Skid Steer Loader

A compact loader used in confined spaces for excavation grading, and material transport.

Dump Truck

A vehicle used to transport excavated soil, rocks, and construction debris from the work site.

Hydraulic Breaker

A hydraulic attachment mounted on an excavator for breaking hard rock or reinforced concrete.

Jack Hammer

A portable power tool used to break concrete, asphalt, or hard ground during excavation.

Pick Mattock

A hand tool with a pointed end and an adze blade used for loosening hard soil and breaking compacted ground.

Shovel

A hand tool used for digging, lifting, and moving loose soil and other materials.

Spade

A hand tool with a flat blade used for cutting soil edges and digging trenches.

Crowbar

A heavy steel bar used for prying rocks, loosening compacted soil, and removing embedded objects.

Wheelbarrow

A manually operated cart used for transporting soil, sand, gravel, and construction materials over short distances.

Water Pump

A machine used to remove groundwater or accumulated rainwater from excavation sites.

Vibratory Plate Compactor

A compacting machine that uses vibration to densify soil and granular materials before foundation construction.

Coco Lumber

Locally available coconut lumber commonly used for temporary shoring, formwork, batter boards, and excavation supports.

Timber Planks

Wooden boards used to construct temporary shoring and protective barriers in excavations.

Steel Sheet Piles

Interlocking steel sections driven into the ground to retain soil and prevent groundwater intrusion.

Steel Bracing

Structural steel members used to reinforce excavation support systems against lateral earth pressure.

Steel Struts

Horizontal compression members installed between sheet piles or shoring walls to maintain excavation stability.

Geotextile Fabric

A permeable synthetic fabric placed between soil layers to improve drainage, separation, filtration, and reinforcement.

Gravel Bedding

A layer of coarse aggregate placed beneath foundations or pipes to improve drainage and provide stable support.

Crushed Stone

Angular aggregate used for foundation bases, drainage layers, and soil stabilization

Sand Bedding

A layer of fine aggregate used beneath pipes and foundations to provide a smooth and level bearing surface.

Drainage Pipes

Perforated or solid pipes installed to collect and divert groundwater away from the excavation.

Well Point Pipes

Small-diameter pipes connected to a vacuum pumping system used to lower the groundwater table around excavations.

BACKFILLING

is the process of filling in the excavated area around a foundation or structure. The backfill material can range from soil to gravel and is typically compacted to provide support and stability.

Layer-by-Layer Backfilling (Lift Filling)

The process of placing fill material in thin layers and compacting each layer before placing the next to achieve uniform density.

Mechanical Backfilling

Backfilling performed using construction equipment such as loaders, bulldozers, or excavators to place fill material efficiently.

Manual Backfilling

Backfilling carried out by workers using hand tools where machinery cannot be used or where precision is required.

Compaction by Layers

A method of compacting each layer of fill separately to reduce settlement and improve soil strength.

Water Jetting

A compaction method in which water is introduced into granular soil to eliminate air voids and improve settlement. It is generally limited to suitable soil conditions

Soil Stabilization

The process of improving soil properties by mixing it with stabilizing agents such as cement or lime to increase strength and durability.

Moisture Conditioning

The adjustment of soil moisture content before compaction to achieve the desired density and stability.

Plate Compactor

A vibrating machine used to compact granular soils in confined areas

Vibratory Roller

A heavy compaction machine that uses vibration and weight to compact large areas of soil.

Rammer(Jumping Jack Compactor)

A compacting machine designed for cohesive soils and narrow trenches where rollers cannot operate.

Soil Tamper

A manually operated tool used to compact soil in small areas

Water Tank Truck

A truck equipped with a water tank used to supply water for moisture conditioning during compaction.

Selected Fill

High-quality soil or aggregate approved for use as backfill because it meets project specifications.

Common Fill

Ordinary excavated soil suitable for filling where high-quality material is not required

Borrow Soil

Soil obtained from an off-site borrow pit when suitable fill material is unavailable on the project site.

Aggregate Base Course

A compacted layer of crushed stone or gravel used to provide a stable foundation for pavements and slabs

Water

Used to adjust the moisture content of fill material to achieve proper compaction.