Master set S1- Phycolagy

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Behavioral medicine

A field similar to health psychology that integrates psychological factors (e.g., emotion, behavior, cognition, and social factors) in the treatment of disease. This applied field includes clinical areas of study, such as occupational therapy, hypnosis, rehabilitation or medicine, and preventative medicine.

Psychoneuroimmunology

A field of study examining the relationship among psychology, brain function, and immune function.

Biomedical Model of Health

A reductionist model that posits that ill health is a result of a deviation from normal function, which is explained by the presence of pathogens, injury, or genetic abnormality.

Social support

The perception or actuality that we have a social network that can help us in times of need and provide us with a variety of useful resources (e.g., advice, love, money).

Health

According to the World Health Organization, it is a complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Psychosomatic medicine

An interdisciplinary field of study that focuses on how biological, psychological, and social processes contribute to physiological changes in the body and health over time.

General Adaptation Syndrome

A three-phase model of stress, which includes a mobilization of physiological resources phase, a coping phase, and an exhaustion phase (i.e., when an organism fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes its resources).

Type B Behavior

Type B behavior reflects the absence of Type A characteristics and is represented by less competitive, aggressive, and hostile behavior patterns.

Adherence

In health, it is the ability of a patient to maintain a health behavior prescribed by a physician. This might include taking medication as prescribed, exercising more, or eating less high-fat food.

Type A Behavior

Type A behavior is characterized by impatience, competitiveness, neuroticism, hostility, and anger.

Problem-focused coping

A set of coping strategies aimed at improving or changing stressful situations.

Daily hassles

Irritations in daily life that are not necessarily traumatic, but that cause difficulties and repeated stress.

Biopsychosocial Model of Health

An approach to studying health and human function that posits the importance of biological, psychological, and social (or environmental) processes.

Resilience

The ability to “bounce back” from negative situations (e.g., illness, stress) to normal functioning or to simply not show poor outcomes in the face of adversity. In some cases, resilience may lead to better functioning following the negative experience (e.g., post-traumatic growth)

Mind–body connection

The idea that our emotions and thoughts can affect how our body functions.

Biofeedback

The process by which physiological signals, not normally available to human perception, are transformed into easy-to-understand graphs or numbers. Individuals can then use this information to try to change bodily functioning (e.g., lower blood pressure, reduce muscle tension).

Stress

A pattern of physical and psychological responses in an organism after it perceives a threatening event that disturbs its homeostasis and taxes its abilities to cope with the event.

Control

Feeling like you have the power to change your environment or behavior if you need or want to.

Self-efficacy

The belief that one can perform adequately in a specific situation.

Stressor

An event or stimulus that induces feelings of stress.

Hostility

An experience or trait with cognitive, behavioral, and emotional components. It often includes cynical thoughts, feelings of emotion, and aggressive behavior.

Health behavior

Any behavior that is related to health—either good or bad.

Emotion-focused coping

Coping strategy aimed at reducing the negative emotions associated with a stressful event.

Social integration

The size of your social network, or number of social roles (e.g., son, sister, student, employee, team member).

Chronic disease

A health condition that persists over time, typically for periods longer than three months (e.g., HIV, asthma, diabetes).

Functionalism

A school of American psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness.

Eugenics

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits.

Psychophysics

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli.

Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is the sensation that that word is available.

Flashbulb memory

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

Behaviorism

The study of behavior.

Practitioner-Scholar Model

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinical practice.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from experience.

Realism

A point of view that emphasizes the importance of the senses in providing knowledge of the external world.

Gestalt psychology

An attempt to study the unity of experience.

Individual differences

Ways in which people differ in terms of their behavior, emotion, cognition, and development.

Scientist-practitioner model

A model of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the development of both research and clinical skills.

Cognitive psychology

The study of mental processes.

Introspection

A method of focusing on internal processes.

Structuralism

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience.

Neural impulse

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate.

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and our environment.