History-intro quiz

When did people start exploring North America again?

A little bit after the cie age-cause North America was covered in thick ice sheets in the ice age

Where did indigenous people likely come from? (note: indigenous people were the first to come to North America again)

They likely came on foot from Siberia across the Bering land Bridge-was between Alaska and Eurasia from end of ice age until 10 000 years ago

When did European explorers discover the “New World” and come into contact indigenous populations?

By the 15th century-Canada became a location for French and British colonies

What did Europeans create to exchange goods for furs and meat?

Trading posts

At what point in time were European settlements still small and didn’t expand greatly?

Prior to the 1800s

The Wampum Belt (include what the 2 rows represent)

As the Haudenosaunee and Dutch discovered much about each other, an agreement was made as to how they were to treat each other and live together-the Wampum Belt

there were 2 rows of purple, each row representing the others ways-represented that they would not stop each others ways and kinda just move along side by side with their own ways of doing things and not interrupt the other person’s-

The quote was: ”In one row is a ship with our White Brothers’ ways; in the other a canoe with our ways. Each will travel down the river of life side by side. Neither will attempt to steer the other’s vessel.’

What 3 principles did the Haudenosaunee and Dutch to make the treaty involved with the Wampum Belt last?

1. Friendship

2. Peace

3. Forever-this agreement would last forever

How long did the fur trade last?

Almost 300 years

How many people did the fur trade inolve?

Thousands of indigenous traders and Hudson’s Bay company merchants

Was the fur trade pretty fair (to start out at least)

Yes-had pretty equal benefits

What did agreements between the Europeans and Indigenous peoples guarantee?

The right of the latter to use and protect their land

Royal Proclamation (include who it was made by, when, and why)

Made in 1763 by Kind George the lll

It was made to establish good relations between the First Nations and the settlers. It was an attempt to address the concerns of indigenous people such as clearly defining the areas belonging to Indigenous peoples where private settlements will not be permitted and establishing that only the Crown could negotiate land purchases with them.

When did the fur trade start to decline? What got on the rise after? What did this cause?

Mining and exploitation of natural resources-this caused the settlers increasing encroachment of land, resources and ways of life of the Indigenous Peoples

Haldimand treaty (include when and what it was)

• 1784

• an agreement that granted a tract of land to the Haudenosaunee (Six Nations) in compensation for their alliance with British forces during the American Revolution (1775–83)

What did the European settlers do to the native indigenous people that stood in their way of making Canada like more European?

They set up reserves-indigenous groups were forced to give up their migratory habits, settle on these reserves, learn farming and trading and receive Christian religious instruction

What happened when the Europeans first made contact with Indigenous People?

native populations began to die out due to European diseases-eg. smallpox, influenza, measles, etc.-turned out to be the worst genocide in human history

What did the crown do for indigenous people that actually ended up causing them to have their rights to their land taken away

The crown became the guardian of indigenous lands for protection against illegal sales, poaching and encroachment-made the land no longer theirs tho obv

Why were indigenous people forced onto reserves?

 To make room for European settlements and Canadian Pacific Railway

What would government officials do to make them comply? What did this cause?

They withheld food from Indigenous people until they moved to their appointed reserves-basically forced to trade freedom for rations

This caused malnutrition, disease, sickness and preventable deaths on the reserves

When did the  Mohawk Institute open in and where? What was the goal?

1928 in Brantford Ontario

To assimilate Indigenous children into Eurocentric society

Assimilate

To absorb and integrate into the dominant society or culture.

Eurocentric

The belief that European culture and values are superior and should be the standard.

What was the precursor or kind of prior event that would eventually lead tothe more elborate system of residential shcools?

The Mohawk Institute

When did the numbered treaties come into effect? What were these treaties focused on?

1871

Different from those prior to 1800s-focused on land surrender and oppression of the Indigenous people

What is the British North America Act (include when + what it did)

• 1867

  United three British colonies into the first four provinces of the Dominion of Canada-established Canada as a dominion under the British Crown

First PM?

Sir John A. Macdonald– continued the British practice of attempting to wipe out indigenous culture

What is a “Push Factor”? (immigration)

A reason for someone to emigrate (leave) a country

What is a “Pull Factor”? (immigration)

A reason from someone to immigrate (move to) a country

Examples of Push Factors:

Poverty, war, smth with the climate-eg. famie, drought

Examples of Pull Factors:

Employment, Peace, high standard of living

Push Factors for Chinese immigration to Canada

Scarce farmland

Civil war in China (Taiping Revolution)

Poor economy

Pull Factors for Chinese Immigration to Canada

Gold rush

Cheap land

Employment:

• Railway construction

• Mining

• Laundry services

Clifford sifton

The immigration minister

Responsible 4 the immigration increase to Canada in 1896-1905

What was cliford sifton tasked with?

Populating the west in order to:

1. add to the production of the country

2. Solve the “railway problem”

3. Help pay national debt

The government offered tre homesteads to applicants who qualified

What made Chinese Canadian come to canada?

The gold rush-hoped to find gold and a new life in

Many were merchants, prospectors and servants

What was needed in order to build the railway?

Chinese labour-were considered cheap labour and performed the most dangerous and difficult jobs-handled all explosives, etc.

They basically cleared the way for white men to perform their jobs

When did the government look into the “Chinese problem”? What even was this problem? What was their solution?

• 1884

• Felt that there were too many Chinese in Canada and it was losing its British identity

• Solution was tax the Chinese just for being Chinese

  Head Tax rages went up over the years-went from 50-500

  There Was also the Chinese exclusion act- closed roor on any immigrants coming from China-1923

What was the event that occurred due to anti Asian prejudice in 1892?

A smallpox outbreak in Calagary was thought to have spread from a Chinese laundromat

200-300 white rioters violently targeted Chinese-Canadiam citizens and businesses

What was the event that occurred due to anti Asian prejudice in 1907?

Thousands of white Canadians gathered at Vancouver to protest Asians immigrating to Canada

Rioters assaulted Asian citizens and shopkeepers and vandalized many Asian businesses

What was the event that occurred due to anti Asian prejudice in 1912?

The Canadian government passed the Female Employment Act-made it illegal for Asian businesses to employ white women (was believed that Chinese Canadians were luring white women into prostitution)

Also, Saskatchewan passes a law that made it a crime to frequent any business by “an Oriental person”

When wrre Chinese Canadian finally given the right to vote and receive Canadian citizenship?

1947

When were formal apologies finally given to former Chinese head-tax payers and by who?

• Prime minister Stephen Harper + Canadian heritage minister Bev Oda

• 2006

What were the 4 North American British colonies? When were there only 4?

• 1860

1. Quebec

2. Ontario

3. New Brunswick

4. Nova Scotia

What was confederation?

The political process to unite the North American British Colonies that started in the 1860s

Reasons for confederation

1. French-English relations

   • From 1840-1867, the French and English were joined into one union-British North America

   • The French were scared they’d lose their language + culture so they though that working with English Canadians towards Confederation would give the French Canadians more strength in collaboration

2. Canadian-American

• American’s at the time believed in manifest destiny-idea that they were destined to take over all of North America. Ugh broski

• The British American colonists were afraid that the Americans were going to take over their land

3. Indigenous relations

   • Confederation would place the federal government in charge of “Indians and land reserved for Indians”

   • A unified country gave the government more power to assimilate the natives and force them to adopt English Canadian culture and language.

4. Economic reasons

   • After the American Civil War, the US ended free trade with Canada-PM John A. Macdonald developed the “National Policy”, which included three main points:

     1. Protective Tariffs (Taxes)

     2. Build a national railroad

     3. Encourage immigration

FICE

Protective tariffs (taxes)

Tariffs were placed on American goods, making them more expensive than Canadian goods when they crossed the border

Effect: Encouraged Canadians to buy Canadian goods

Build a national railroad

The Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR) is constructed in 1885

Effects:

• Connected eastern and western Canada

• Greatly improved movement of goods and people

• Gave Canada a greater sense of unity

CGG

Encourage immigration

• Dominion Land Act is passed in 1872- made it easy for settles to buy land

• Having Canadians settle in the west would help establish it as part of Canada so America can’t dispute it (Manifest Destiny)

Effect:

• Not many people settled in western Canada at first, but eventually people started to come

• Winters were long and cold

• Summers were hot and dry

• Drought and isolation

NSDW

British North America Act (BNA Act)

Canada became a country on July 1st 1867 after Parliament passed the BNA Act

Sir John A. Macdonald was the PM in 1867 and said that Canada had been “carpented together” - meaning that it had been pulled together to create a country

Briefly explain what was the British Empire? What were the countries included?

A bunch of overseas British territories together

This includes Australia, Canada, New Zealand, India, Jamaica, Malaysia, Cypriots, South Africans

What is a colony?

overseas territories

Advantages and disadvantages of collecting colonies

Advantages:

• More resources

• More trade

• Can help in wars and stuff-cause more ppl and armies

Disadvantages:

• expensive

• more places to manage

• Colonies might want to become independent later and that's a whole other thing to deal with

Imperialism (include what group tended to support)

Describes empire building or control of overseas territories

Dominion (include what group tended to support)

Colonies that have their own governments-not completely independent tho

Imperialist (include what group tended to support)

People that took pride in glory of British empire-usually canadians with british roots

Nationalist (include what group tended to support)

Want to be more independent-usually french canadian

Continentalists (include what group tended to support)

Think Canada should join US-kinda from all over the place

Briefly describe the Boer War? Who supported it in Canada and why? Who was opposed and why?

Britain was at war with South Africa (one of its colonies). Before Britai had taken control, however, parts of South Africa were occupied by Dutch settlers, the descendants of which were called Boers. The Boers had their own government in parts of the country, but when gold and diamonds were found in Boer territory, the British tried to impose stronger control-this cause the conflict between the 2 sides cause Boers wanted to keep their government and gold and stuff obv

Joseph Chamberlain, Britain’s minster in charge of colonies, asked Laurier to send Canadian troops to help the British in South Africa. However, there were 2 sides with diff opinions on the situation. The Imperialists (usually the English part of Canada) wanted Canada to send soldiers immediately, but the French-Canadians who were nationalists opposed any form of participation in the Boer war.

How did Laurier respond to the Boer War? Were Canadians satisfied with the decision?

Laurier decided to compromise. Instead of committing an official force to the war in Sout Africa, the government payed for the equipment and passage of volunteers who wanted to join the British army in Africa.

This compromise didn’t please the English or the French. The English imperialists thought tat Laurier did not do enough while the French nationalists believed that government had given in to the English majority and did not listen to their point of view

What caused concern for Britain in regards to her navy? How did Britain respond?

Germany began building their navy. This made Britain nervous because Germany was like one of their enemies, and they had the most modern + powerful army, so Britain mostly relied on its navy being really good to keep its overseas colonies and islands safe.

Their response was to concentrate its far-flung naval fleet in fewer areas + strengthened its fleet with HMS Dreadnought. Britain also ended up asking the dominions to contribute to the cost of new Dreadnoughts. New Zealand agreed and a new Dreadnought was built

What was the Alaska Boundary Dispute? How was it settled? What effect did this decision have on Canadian political thinking?

There was a dispute between the US and Canada over like who would get the Alaskan panhandle. Britain negotiated on Canada’s behalf but the dispute went on for a bit until Roosevelt (Theodore) was elected and he was willing to use force. Finally, the US and Britain set up a tribunal to make a decision on the boundary. However, Canada was kinda at a disadvantage cause out of 6 officials, 3 were appointed by the US and 3 by Britain (2 British and one Canadian judge), and Roosevelt picked 3 men that were known to be opposed to any compromise with Canada. e also told the British tat if eh didn’t receive the verdict he wanted he would send American troops to the Panhandle. The Americans ended up winning the tribunal and getting most of Alaska.

This resulted in Canadians becoming furious with the British and convinced Laurier that Canada would be better off playing amore active role in its own foreign affairs-Canada slowly became more independent

In 1911, Laurier lost the election due to what issue? What effect did this decision have on Canada?

Laurier wanted reciprocity-a free trade agreement with the US. However, many ppl were opposed to this idea and Laurier was forced to call an election to settle the matter (because there as so much debate). He was defeated in the election.

The effect that this decision ad on Canada was that it affirmed the National Policy (taxes and tariffs on American goods) and continued ties with the British. They had turned their backs on stronger ties with America for the fear of being taken over by them. The whole thing was if reciprocity had gone thru then, would Canada still be here today or would it it be a part of America?

Why did the Hudson’s Bay Company want to suppress news of gold being found in New Caledonia (British Columbia)?

Because they knew that the Americans would want it too-scared they would take over BC

What is the reason for why it became necessary for the colonies of British North America to unite and form Canada, a country free to govern its own affairs?

1. The America expansion-therefore needed to be a unified front to protect themselves

2. Britain thought the colonies were becoming too expensive and complicated and therefore wanted them to become more self-sufficient

Why do you think building a transnational railway was considered to be so important for Canada as a developing nation?

Because it would unite and pull everything together

If commerce went east-west rather than north south it could become a whole country

Candy Palmater says “Louis Riel thought, ‘My great-great-grandchildren are not going to have land if this railroad comes through here.’ And he did what he had to do.” Despite Riel’s opposition, the railroad was built through Métis territory. How should governments respond when Indigenous rights do not align with the interests of other groups?

They could compromise and negotiate with the indigenous people to figure out a way that both parties can accomplish their goals rather than having it their way and no one else's.

Why were Indigenous leaders willing to accept deals that fundamentally changed their lifestyle and relationship with the environment? Why did some Indigenous people choose to fight instead?

Because their people were starving + to get an agreement to gain smth for their future

The arrest of a young warrior for attacking some officer made the younger ppl mad-they were trying to gain their glory the way they used to live-still wanna live that lifestyle and didn’t want to just accept the europeans force

What did the establishment of the cattle industry do for Alberta and Canada as a whole? Why is John Ware’s story significant and what might it have represented for a developing Canada?

Important 4 developing economy cause the vast lands could hold cattle-and the guy would have a line to hungry cities and stuff

John Ware was a super successful cowboy in Alberta and he also opened his own cattle place-brings a bunch of cattle to Alberta too-helps build the cattle industry in Canada

What was a major cause of Canada’s expansion into the North during this period?

The gold rush

The nations of the Tlingit, Tutchone, and Tagish are only briefly mentioned in the segment on the gold rush. What challenges and opportunities would the rapid influx of 30,000 prospectors to the Yukon present the Indigenous peoples of the north?

It probably caused displacement for most indigenous people in the north along with harm to the environment, potential diseases, and disruptions to their culture.