Medical psychology lecture 11 study document

What is motivation in psychology?

Motivation refers to internal processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior, involving activation, persistence, and intensity.

What are the stages of the motivational process?

1) Activation of a need, 2) Identification of the need, 3) Situation analysis, 4) Selection of a goal, 5) Planning a path, 6) Action and goal achievement, 7) Tension reduction.

What are the classifications of motives?

Biological motives (hunger, thirst, rest, pain avoidance, sex, maternal urges); Social motives (affiliation, achievement, aggression, property acquisition); Personal motives (self-affirmation, self-actualization).

What is Drive Theory (Woodworth, 1918)?

Explains behavior as driven by internal forces to maintain homeostasis based on physiological needs, but limited in explaining long-term or abstract goals.

What is Murray’s Social Needs Theory (1938)?

Human behavior arises from unmet social needs, emphasizing achievement, reinforcement, and cultural influences.

What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A five-tier pyramid: physiological needs, safety, love/belonging, esteem, and self-actualization; lower levels must be satisfied before higher ones.

What are conditioning theories of motivation?

Classical conditioning (learning by association) and operant conditioning (learning through rewards/punishments), but limited for long-term goals.

What are cognitive theories of motivation?

Motivation comes from cognitive consistency; behavior aligns with beliefs to reduce conflict; based on expectations and perceived outcomes.

What is Heider’s Balance Theory?

People seek harmony in triadic relationships; imbalance motivates attitude/behavior change to restore balance.

What is Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory?

Conflict between beliefs or belief vs. behavior causes discomfort; people reduce dissonance by changing beliefs/behaviors.

What is Expectancy Theory?

Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Value (belief effort leads to success, success leads to reward, and reward has personal value).

What is Will in psychology?

Conscious direction of psychic energy to make meaningful choices, involving desires, needs, interests, and motives.

What is the evolutionary perspective on will?

Drives are unconscious urges, will is conscious control for goal-setting and self-regulation.

What are the stages of the volitional process?

1) Need arises, 2) Desire forms, 3) Decision-making, 4) Internal conflict if goals clash with norms.

What are the types of human activity?

Reflexive (automatic motor response), Automatic (learned/subconscious), Impulsive (single motive), Volitional (conscious decision-making).

What are individual and social factors influencing will?

Individual: aspirations, drives, emotions, clarity of goals; Social: education, culture, habits, norms.

What is frustration?

Blocked goal leading to motive dissatisfaction.

What are the types of conflict?

Double attraction (two good options), Double repulsion (two bad options), Approach-avoidance (one option with pros and cons).

What are disorders of will?

Hypobulia/Abulia, Anhedonia, Avolition, Agitation, Ambitendency, Suggestibility.

What is impulsivity?

Sudden, unresisted urges without deliberation; seen in morons, sociopaths, hysterics, epileptic personalities.

What is Kleptomania?

Irresistible urge to steal objects not needed, followed by relief; occurs in puberty, menopause, OCD, personality disorders.

What is Pyromania?

Intense urge to set fires and pleasure in observing; cognition intact, control impaired.

What is Poriomania?

Uncontrollable urge to wander/travel without purpose, linked to dissociative disorders or hysteria.

What is Coprolalia?

Compulsive utterance of obscene words; seen in Tourette’s, schizophrenia, epilepsy.

What are compulsive actions?

Obsessions (distressing thoughts) followed by compulsions (repetitive actions) that reduce anxiety but are recognized as irrational.

What are the psychological mechanisms behind compulsive actions?

Defense mechanisms (displacement, substitution, symbolism) to defend against anxiety, guilt, impulses.

What disorders are linked to compulsive behavior?

Obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessive character, schizophrenia.

What is Catatonic Syndrome?

A psychomotor disorder seen in catatonic schizophrenia with stupor, catalepsy, waxy flexibility, restlessness, negativism, stereotypy, bizarre mannerisms, ambitendency, echolalia, echopraxia, mutism.

What are types of stupor?

Profound psychomotor inhibition with no voluntary movement, speech, or response; seen in catatonic schizophrenia, depression, dissociative disorders, organic conditions.

What are drives in psychology?

Internal motivational forces pushing behavior; human-specific, with emotional tension, shaped by socio-cultural norms.

What are vital drives?

Self-preservation (feeding, defense) and species preservation (sexual, parental).

What are social drives?

Socially conditioned motives such as ambition, acceptance, recognition.

What is the biological basis of drives?

Body fluids, striopallidal system, frontal lobe, limbic system, hypothalamus regulating hunger, thirst, sexuality, aggression.

What are disorders of drives?

Life drive (suicidal behavior), eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, hyperphagia, pica, coprophagia, anthropophagia, necrophagia), sexual drive disorders (nymphomania, impotence, perversions, forensic implications).