bruh

Tropes

figurative language ( metaphors, personification, metonymy, irony, hyperbole etc.)

- figure of speech dealing with the MEANING of words– cliché; not literal

Schemes

figure of speech dealing with the ORDER of words or its sounds, letters, syntax

(parallel structure, antithesis, alliteration, repetition etc.)

Aristotelian Triangle

writing and speaking

involves a 3-way relationship

ethos

an argument based on the ‘authority’ of the person: morality-intelligence-honesty etc.

pathos

an argument based on emotional appeal : evoking sympathy or empathy; using

imagination or imagery

logos

gos – an argument based on logic, reason, facts etc.

Connotation

the meaning suggested by the word; its emotional meaning example: chicken

Denotation

– the dictionary (literal) meaning example: chicken

Propaganda

– the manipulation of ideas, facts, or allegations, spread deliberately to further

one's cause or to damage an opposing cause; a public action having such an effect

Rhetoric

The art or study of using language effectively and persuasively

Polemical

– A controversial and/or passionate argument, especially one refuting or

attacking a specific opinion or doctrine. Some famous polemicists are: Michael Moore,

Jonathan Swift, Oscar Wilde.

Apologists

- are those who defend their beliefs against polemicists.

Irony

– a contradiction between what is said and what is meant; incongruity between action

and result.

Colloquialism

– a local or regional dialect (“y'all" or "gonna" ) not used in formal speech.

Dialect

– A regional or social variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation,

grammar, or vocabulary,especially a way of speaking that differs from the standard variety of the

language.

Vernacular

– the language (spoken) of a particular group, profession, region

Tone

– the attitude the writer takes toward his character or the subject being discussed (see

other handout for words to describe tone

Alliteration

– the repetition of consonant sounds

Allusion

– an implied, indirect, or direct reference to a person, place, event, or another

passage of literature for comparison to help readers understand

Anaphora

– repetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases,

clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect "We shall not flag or fail.

We shall go on the end. We shall fight in France…We shall never surrender.”

Epistrophe

- repetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, usually

for extreme emphasis. The government of the people, by the people and for the people.”

Chiasmus

- A verbal pattern which reverses the order of words but doesn’t necessarily use

all the same words. -"I am stuck on Band-Aid, and Band-Aid's stuck on me."

- "Never let a fool kiss you--or a kiss fool you."

Antimetabole

– (a type of chiasmus but using exact words) A verbal pattern in which the

second half of an expression is balanced against the first but with the words in reverse

grammatical order. Repetition in reverse order: "Fair is foul and foul is fair."

"Starkist doesn't want tuna with good taste, Starkist wants tuna that tastes good!" “Ask not what

your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.