Stem cells

Stem cell

Undifferentiated cell

Undergo the cell cycle continuously + divide into different types of cells

Stem cells ability to differentiate into different cell type called ( potency )

Toilpotent

Stem cell that can differentiate into nay type of cells

Pluripotent

Stem cell can form tissues, but not whole organism

Multipotent

Stem cell can form a few type of cells within a certain tissue

Examples

Blood cell. Sex cell

Muscle cell. Nervous cell

Bone cell. Immune cell

Replacement of red blood cell

Red Blood has no nucleus → cannot reproduce

→ Multipotent stem cell located in bone marrow to produce NEW blood cells

Where to find stem cells

Plant = meristem

Adults = Bone marrow

Baby =) embyro

Source of stem cell

Embryonic stem cells : located in blastocyte , ( pluripotent )

Adults tissue : found in bone marrow , ( Multipotent ).

They act like a repair system because they are a renewing source of undifferentiated cells.

Meristem : found in growth in a plant, ( totipotent )

Induced pluripotent stem cells : developed in lab by reprogramming differentiated cells to switch on certain key genes → become undifferentiated.

Bone marrow transplants

To treat disease of blood + immune system to restore the patients’ blood system after treatment for specific types of cancer.

When patient’s bone marrow cell can be obtained before treatment , stores, then put back inside the patients after treatment.

Drug development

Only if stem cells can be made to develop into particular types of human tissue, the new drugs an be tested on theses rather than animals / plant tissue

Development in Biology

Studied stem cells to make particular cell types ( blood. Bone, skin muscle ), + can learn ow each type of cells’s funtions +what went wrong when they have diseases.

Trying to discover if stem cells can be extend their capacity that embryos have for growth / tissue repair later in life.

Repair of damaged + lost tissue

1) Type 1 diabetes with mice

→ By programming iPS cells to become pancreatic beta cell, research undergo type 1 diabetes with human

2) bone marrow → liver cell

→ Bone marrow stem cells can be made into liver cells ( hepatocytes ), could be used to treat liver diseases

3) Nerve cells → to treat Alzheimer’s / Parkinson’s diseases

Nerve tissues is directly used to treat Alzheimer’s disease + repair spatial cord injuries

4) Regenerative Medicine

Stem cells are used to populate a bio scaffold of Origen , and directly to develop and grow into specific organs for transplanting.

If the patients’s cell are obtained, reprogrammed to become iPS cells : to make an organ, theres’ no need for immunosuppressant drugs.