Anatomy Exam 1: Anatomical Terminology & Osteology

Vocabulary flashcards generated from lectures 2, 3, and 4 on Anatomical Terminology and Osteology.

Interosseous

In between two bones.

Interosseus

In between the muscle.

Median (mid-sagittal) plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Sagittal plane

Located on either side of the median, parallel to the long axis of the body.

Transverse plane

Perpendicular to the long axis of the body.

Dorsal plane

Divides the body into upper and lower parts.

Proximal

Directional term meaning towards the trunk.

Distal

Directional term meaning away from the trunk.

Volar

Equivalent term for palmar or plantar.

Superficial

Towards the surface.

Deep

Below the surface.

Axial (digits)

Towards the midline of digits.

Abaxial (digits)

Away from the midline of digits.

Hip/pelvis region

Os coxa.

Thigh region

Femur.

Crus

The leg, comprising the tibia and the fibula.

Pes

Hindpaw.

Shoulder region

Scapula.

Brachium

Humerus.

Antebrachium

Radius and ulna.

Manus

Forepaw.

Adduction

Moving towards.

Abduction

Moving away.

Circumduction

Moving in a circular motion.

Medial Rotation (pronation)

Rotation towards the midline.

Lateral Rotation (supination)

Rotation away from the midline.

Flexion

Decrease in flexor surface angle.

Extension

Increase in flexor surface angle.

Level 1 Lever System

Load — Fulcrum — Effort configuration (e.g., Neck).

Level 2 Lever System

Fulcrum — Load — Effort configuration (e.g., Horse's neck).

Level 3 Lever System

Fulcrum — Effort — Load configuration (e.g., Arm).

Long Bones

Bones significantly elongated in one dimension, found only in the limbs, acting as levers.

Short Bones

Bones somewhat equidimensional in all major planes, found only in the limbs, used for complex movement.

Flat Bones

Bones significantly reduced in one dimension, serving as sites of hematopoiesis.

Pneumatic Bone

Bone excavated to contain air-filled spaces.

Irregular Bones

Bones irregular in shape, such as vertebrae, pelvic bones, and some bones of the skull.

Sesamoid Bones

Seed-shaped bones embedded within tendons that act as bearing surfaces to protect the tendon from friction.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs.

Axial Skeleton

Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Heterotopic Skeleton

Bones in unusual but normal locations (e.g., Os penis of the dog, Os cordis of the ox).

Compact Bone

Dense or cortical bone.

Spongy Bone

Trabecular or cancellous bone.

Cartilaginous (endochondral) bone

Bone that progressively replaces a previously formed, continuously growing cartilage model.

Dermal (Intramembranous) Bone

Bone that forms directly within a sheet of connective (mesenchyme) tissue.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone length growth mechanism replacing a cartilage model.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone width growth mechanism forming directly within connective tissue (mesenchyme) without a cartilage model.

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone; primary center of ossification.

Epiphysis

End of a long bone.

Physis (epiphyseal plate)

Plate of growing cartilage present in immature bone responsible for length growth.

Metaphysis

The rapidly growing flared segment of a bone located on the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate.

Apophysis

Large, bony projections that develop from independent (tertiary) centers of ossification.

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering both epiphyses.

Periosteum

Connective tissue surrounding the diaphysis.

Endosteum

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity.

Nutrient Artery

Largest single source of blood supply to a long bone, passing through the nutrient foramen.

Vertebral Formula

$$C7\, T13\, L7\, S3\, Cd\sim 20-23$$

Antepenultimate

3rd before last.

Penultimate

2nd to last.

Ultimate

Last.