A&P - Cardiovascular Disease and Physical Activity

smoking, high BP, obesity, abnormal blood lipids, diabetes mellitus, low levels of physical activity, uncontrolled stress

what are modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

age, sex, familial history, socioeconomic status

what are NON-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

atherosclerosis in the coronary artery

what is coronary artery disease?

progressive narrowing of arteries

what is atherosclerosis?

deficiency of blood flow

what is ischemia?

chest pain

what is angina pectoris?

a heart attack due to ischemia leading to irreversible damage and necrosis

what is a myocardial infarction

smoking, hypertension, abnormal blood lipids, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes

what are the 6 primary risk factors for CAD?

vascular insult occurs in endothelium, inflammatory response occurd

what is the current theory on the pathophysiology for CAD?

known CAD or vascular disease, type 2 diabetes, over age 65 with multiple risk factors

what are the 3 risk factors for a person developing CAD?

improved vasodilation, capillarization of coronary arteries, myocardial contractility, endothelial function, and HDL cholesterol to improve HDL: LDL ratio

what are some training adaptation that leas to decreased risk for CAD?

primary = without a know secondary cause; secondary = resulting from an underlying condition

what is primary vs. secondary hypertension (HTN)?

2-3 days/week of moderate intensity; 2-4 sets x 8-12 reps for major muscle groups

describe resistance exercise to decrease HTN.

5-7 days/week moderate intensity; 30-60 min

describe aerobic exercise to decrease HTN.

less than 2/3 days/week of moderate intensity; 10-30 sec x 2-4 sets of major muscle groups

describe flexibility exercise to decrease HTN.

a forceful breathing technique that can be used to relieve ear pressure; potentially dangerous

what is the valsalva maneuver?

increase intra abdominal pressure aka bearing down and increase intra thoracic pressure aka

what happens when the glottis is closed?

decrease venous return, decrease Q, decrease arterial BP

when the great veins are collapsed due to high pressures; what occurs as a result?

moderate aerobic exercise for more than 30 min 5x/week; vigorous aerobic exercise for over 20 minutes 3x/week + moderate high intensity muscle strengthening

describe the general recommendations for exercise in health adults aged 18-65

slow & progressive circulation disorder; caused by narrowing/blockage/damage to vessel transporting blood heat to extremeities

what is peripheral vascular disease (PVD)?

trophic changes; edema, or pain with physical activity

what are some symptoms of PVD?

atherosclerosis & thrombosis in LE, lead to limb ischemia

what is peripheral artery disease (PAD)?

inadequate return of oxygen poor blood from extremities to heart

what is peripheral venus disease?

venous disease; damaged vein walls/valves

what is chronic venous insuffiency?

enlarged, twisted veins caused by increased pressure/incompetency of valves

what are varicose veins?

blood clot within the deep veins of the legs

what is deep vein thrombosis aka DVT?

weakened or increases stiffness of heart musculature so the heart is unable to supply blood to the rest of the body efficiently

what is congestive heart failure (CHF)?

vary based on right vs. left sided failure

what are some signs of CHF?

tachycardia, confusion, fatigue, cyanosis, couching, bloody sputum, elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

what are some left sided heart failure symptoms?

fatigue, increased peripheral venous pressure, ascites, enlarged liver/spleen; distended jugular veins, GI distress, weight gain

what are some right sided heart failure symptoms?