Principles and Elements of Design

Balance

Equilibrium point for visual perception.

Imposed Balance

Stability created by vertical and horizontal axes.

Symmetry

Visual equivalence among elements of form.

Reflection Symmetry

Mirroring of an image around a central axis.

Rotational Symmetry

Rotation of elements around a common center.

Translation Symmetry

Equivalent elements located in different spatial areas.

Asymmetry

Lack of balance attracting viewer's attention.

Rule of Thirds

Composition technique dividing subject into thirds.

Alignment

Placement of elements along common rows or columns.

Harmony

Repetition of design elements in a composition.

Unity

Balanced diverse elements into a cohesive whole.

Contrast

Using opposing design elements like color and texture.

Fragmentation

Breaking elements into separate pieces with relation.

Proportion

Relationship of one element to another.

Hierarchy

Design elements suggesting importance or directing gaze.

Dominance

Creating focal point using various design elements.

Repetition

Repeated objects sharing a common characteristic.

Even Frequency

Identical distances between repeated objects.

Uneven Frequency

Variable distances between repeated objects.

Rhythm

Pattern created by repeated elements over time.

Proximity

Close elements perceived as a single group.

Gradation

Structure changing in size or form at an even rate.