WEEK 1 - CH 11: Properties of Solutions

solution

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances in one phase: comprised of a solute and solvent

solute

a substance that is dissolved in a solution

solvent

a substance that dissolves the solute in a solution

suspension

a mixture in which the particles are evenly dispersed in a gas/liquid and then settle out over time. EX: sand-water mixture

colloid

a homogenous solution with intermediate particle size between a solution and a suspension

concentration

a measure of the amount of a particular substance in a given volume of solution

Molarity (M) formula

mol solute/L of solution

Molality (m) formula

mol solute/kg of solvent

parts per million (ppm)

mass solute/mass solution x 10⁶

Molarity (M)

the number of moles of a solute dissolved in a liter of solution

concentrated

more solute, less solvent

dilute

more solvent, less solute

semipermeable membrane

allows for movement/diffusion of water

osmosis

movement of solvent molecules through a semipermeable membrane from higher concentration

during osmosis, the flow is faster from ______ to ______

dilute to concentrated

osmotic pressure (П)

pressure applied across semipermeable membrane to stop normal osmosis, depends on difference in solute concentrations

colligative property

depending only on the total concentration of ions/ particles dissolved in a solvent and not on their identities

osmotic pressure (П) formula

П = MRT

hypertonic

when solute concentration outside the cell is greater than inside the cell, causes shrinking

hypotonic

when solute concentration outside the cell is less than that inside the cell, causes swelling

isotonic

when solute concentration matches that inside the cell, no osmotic flow

solutions of electrolytes (which dissociate in solution) show _____ changes than those of nonelectrolytes

greater

Van’t Hoff Factors

degree of ion-pairing affects colligative properties of a solution; enables prediction of osmotic pressure of solution from the molar concentration (M) of the solute

vapor pressure

pressure exerted by a gas in equilibrium with its liquid phase

volatile

liquids with significantly high vapor pressure at any given temperature are volstile

solute-solvent interactions