Lecture Notes: Solution Stoichiometry and Titration

A set of 25 vocabulary flashcards covering the concepts of molarity, dilution, titration, and gravimetric analysis based on the Chapter 4 transcript.

Concentration

The amount of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution.

Molarity ($M$)

The ratio of moles of solute to volume of solution in liter.

Solute

One of the two components of a solution; typically the substance that is dissolved.

Solvent

One of the two components of a solution; typically the substance in which another substance is dissolved.

Solution

A homogeneous mixture formed when two or more substances are mixed together.

Molarity Formula

An expression calculated as $\text{Molarity (M)} = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{volume of solution in liters}}$.

Molarity Units

Can be represented either by the uppercase letter $M$ or the unit $\text{moles per liter}$ ($\text{mol/L}$).

Volume Conversion Factor

Used to convert milliliters to liters, defined as $1,000\text{ milliliters} = 1\text{ liter}$.

Stock Solution

A high concentrated solution prepared in advance and saved on laboratory shelves for later dilution.

Dilution

The process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated solution.

Dilution Formula

An equation where the initial molarity times initial volume equals the final molarity times final volume: $M_I V_I = M_F V_F$.

Titration

An analytical technique where a solution of accurately known concentration is added gradually to another solution until the chemical reaction is complete.

Equivalence Point

The specific stage in a titration where the chemical reaction between two solutions is complete.

Indicator

A substance that changes color at or near the equivalence point to visually signal when to stop adding a solution.

Phenolphthalein

An indicator used in acid-base titrations that provides a permanent faint pink color when the equivalence point is reached.

Neutralization Reaction

A general term for acid-base reactions, where an acid and a base react to form salt and water.

Redox Reaction

A type of chemical reaction involving oxidation and reduction which can be analyzed using titration techniques.

Net Ionic Equation

An representation of a chemical reaction that shows only the key ions participating in the process.

Gravimetric Analysis

An analytical method involving the formation, filtration, and weighing of a precipitate to determine the amount of a substance.

Precipitate

The solid form of a substance that occurs when a reaction in solution produces an insoluble product.

Magnesium Extraction

A real-world process using precipitation ($Mg(OH)_2$), acid-base ($MgCl_2$), and redox reactions to obtain metal from sea water.

Molar Mass of Glucose ($C_6H_{12}O_6$)

The mass used in example calculations given as approximately $180.2\text{ g/mol}$.

Molar Mass of Potassium Dichromate ($K_2Cr_2O_7$)

The mass used in example calculations defined as $294.2\text{ g/mol}$.

Meniscus

The curved upper surface of a liquid in a flask or graduated cylinder from which the volume is read.

Solution Stoichiometry

The incorporation of information from a balanced chemical equation into calculations involving concentrations and volumes of solutions.