Terms

FAT32

most compatible file system, but limited to 32 gb, file size 4gb, and no security features

NTFS

compatible with windows only, very big file size and storage, and has file security

exFAT

supports files larger than 4gb, and has more than 32gb of storage, more compatible than NTFS, no security features

HFS+

Hierarchical file system plus (macOS’s)

APFS

Apple file system

ext3

third extended file system (Linux)

ext4

fourth extended file system (linux)

Linux can accept what formats?

NFTS, FAT32, exFAT, and HFS+ (read only)

CDFS

Compact disk file system (optical disc)

UDF

universal disk format (optical disk)

EOL

end of life

Partition

A storage section on the drive

MBR

Master Boot record

GPT

GUID Partition table

What is a MBR?

informs the computer that there is an OS here, allows for 4 primary partitions with 2.2 tb per partition

What is a GPT?

allows for unlimited primary partitions and has no limit per partition

primary partition

A partition that allows you to boot OS’s

extended partitions

usually used with mbr, and it allows a partition to contain many logical drives

Hidden partition

partitions used to store recovery data

Swap partition

used to restore virtual memory

full format

runs an extra step to check for bad sectors in a hard drive

quick format

drive is not checked for bad sectors

WDS

windows deployment service

PXE

preboot execution environment

upgrade installation

replace windows but keep all data and compatible application in place

clean install

installs windows on a device with a empty hard drive

network install

fastest way to install windows on many computers

how do you use a network install?

setup a WDS, go to bios on a computer and make it boot on a nic card, it boots to a PXE environment, it starts installing

windows 10 home

for consumer use can only have 1 cpu and up to 128 gb of ram

windows 10 pro

for corporate users, can join domains, have every feature, along with 2 cpu and a 2 tb ram limit

windows 10 enterprise

same as pro but can have 4 cpus and 6 tb ram limit

what is a tpm?

usually a chip or firmware on your motherboard that adds hardware level security

what is windows 11 N?

versions of windows without media-related technologies (ex. media player, music and video apps)

UEFI

its a bios thats very fast, better security features, large drive support, etc.

mmc

microsoft management console

what is a mmc?

a custom toolbox of useful utilities referred to as snap-ins

Snap-ins

shortcuts to useful applications in your console

registry editor

a database that stores all the settings and configs for windows and its applications

help

is used to list commands

dir

list files and folders

/?

give help on the command

cd (chdir)

used to move from one folder to another

md (mkdir)

used to make new folders

rd (rmdir)

used to delete empty files

del

used to delete files

tree

List files and folders within the current folder and all subfolders

winver

shows what version of windows you are on

cls

clear screen

copy

used to copy files

xcopy

can copy folders, subfolders, and all the files in them

robocopy

more advanced xcopy

ping-n

change the number of pings sent

ping-L

change the size of the ping packets

ping-t

pings continuously

ping -4

force an IPv4 ping

ping -6

force an IPv6 ping

ping

uses ICMP to see if another machine is alive (end to end)

ipconfig

displays all network info

ipconfig /all

displays more detailed network info

ipconfig /renew

request configs from a DCHP server

ipconfig /release

removes configs obtained through DHCP

ipconfig /displaydns

displays the local DNS cache

ipconfig /flushdns

clears the local DNS cache

net use

used to connect to a network share

netstat

displays active network connections

netstat -a

displays all connections, including listening ports

tracert

uses icmp to return a hop count

net user

used to manage user accounts

pathping

performs a ping and a traceroute at the same time

nslookup

identifies the current DNS server and displays IP addresses for a provided name

hostname

displays a computers hostname

chkdsk

scans a disk in hopes of recovering corrupted files

chkdsk /f

fixes errors on the disk

chkdsk /r

fixes errors and locates bad sectors on a disk

format

preparing a data storage device for use by creating a file system

format /fs

specifies the type of file system

format /q

performs a quick format

convert

changes fat/fat32 to NTFS without erasing files

sfc

the system file checker used to repair system files

sfc /SCANNOW

scan the integrity of all protected system files and repairs

sfc /VERIFYONLY

scans system files but does not repair them

shutdown /p

turn off the local computer with no time-out or warning

shutdown /r

full shutdown and restart the computer

gpupdate

updates the latest group policy setting

Gpresult

shows the group policy is applied to the computer

workgroup

a setup that uses no server, and all the users are locally on the machine (like at home)

domain

a centralized server that can control/manage all accounts etc (most of the time, like at work)

subnet mask

tells you what network that ip belongs to

static IP

an IP you type in manually

dynamic IP

an IP assigned by the DHCP server

APIPA address

An address given to you, haven’t received an address from the DHCP (starts with 169.254)

bitlocker

full volume encryption feature included with windows

bitlocker to go

drive encryption on usb’s

domain

refers to the entire network under the control of the domain controller

kerberos

Network authentication protocol (used by Active Directory) that issues time-limited tickets instead of resending passwords

archive bit

shows if a file has changed / modified

incremental backup

only files that has changed since the last backup, clears the archive bit

differential backup

only files that has changed since the last full backup, doesn’t clear archive bit

synthetic backup

a combo backup that takes a full backup plus an incremental or differential to create another full backup

what is the hardware requirements for a 32 bit windows 10 OS?

1 ghz cpu, 1 gb ram, 16 gb storage