session 2 notes

Metabolism produces ____ each day, mostly in the form of ___

acid, co2

The acid concentration of the blood must be maintained at a very ___ concentration and over a very _____ range

low, narrow

what is required to maintain blood acid concentrations

buffers

what is unique about the blood buffering system

it is an open system

what does it mean to be an open system

one of its key components can continuously enter or leave the system, preventing the components from being used up or trapped in a fixed ratio

what is meant by interstitial fluid and where is it found in the body

fluid is found in the body from tissue to tissue

of the extracellular fluid, how much is blood?

5 L

What are the key features of hydrogen bonds?

weak and can be mechanically broken, distance dependent

How do hydrogen bonds differ from covalent bonds?

covalent bonds cannot be broken

What determines the strength of a hydrogen bond?

distance between hydrogen and oxugen or nitrogen

What make a molecule polar?

uneven electron distribution

Why is water a polar molecule?

the oxygen is slightly negative and the hydrogens are slightly positive

What is the difference between a hydrogen bond and a hydration shell?

hydrogen bonds are the chemical bonds between hydrogens and oxygen or nitrogen, while a hydration shell is the orderly placement of water molecules around an ion

What differentiates a strong acid from a weak acid?

weak acids can only partially dissociate while strong acids completely dissociate

How does one determine the strength of an acid?

by proton concentration or pH

What is normally considered the effective buffering range for the acetic acid/acetate system?

plus or minus 1 from the pKa

how can carbonic acid serve as a buffer system for blood

because we produce a lot of CO2 that can dissociate to form bicarbonate

what is the pKa for the carbonic acid/bicarbonate system

3.5

What direction of the carbonic anhydrase equilibrium is favored in the tissue?

tissue generates more CO2 so CO2 is favored

What direction of the equilibrium is favored in the lungs?

lungs eliminate CO2, so CO2 production is favored

What are the major intracellular buffers?

Phosphate anion

What are the major cations and anions in the blood?

Na+ and Cl-

What would happen to the blood pH if the person has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

pH would decrease (become more acidic) because of CO2 buildup

what can result in large changes in body weight

changes in body water

what do fad diets create the illusion of

designed to cause dehydration to create the illusion of loss of body fat