cset subtest 1 world history

River Valley Civilizations

Reliable water and fertile land led to food surplus, population growth, and the rise of civilization

Mesopotamia

Civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; frequent invasions led to many empires

Mesopotamia Cuneiform

First writing system developed to keep records and manage trade

Mesopotamia Hammurabi’s Code

Written law code created to establish order and justice

Mesopotamia Sumerians

First people to develop Mesopotamian civilization

Mesopotamia Babylonians

Conquered Sumer and established a new empire

Mesopotamia Hittites

Conquered Asia Minor; developed iron smelting

Mesopotamia Assyrians

Built empire through military strength and terror

Mesopotamia Persians

Unified the Near East using tolerance and efficient administration

Egyptian Geography

Nile River flooding and natural barriers created stability

Egypt Pharaoh

Divine ruler whose authority unified religion and government

Egypt Hieroglyphics

Writing system used for religion and administration

Egypt Pyramids

Engineering achievements built as tombs for pharaohs

Indus Valley Civilization

Urban civilization with advanced city planning

Indus Valley Sanitation Systems

Public baths and drains showed organized urban planning

Indus Valley Metallurgy

Use of metals such as copper and bronze for tools and trade

Yellow River Civilization

Early Chinese civilization that developed writing and government

China Dynastic Cycle

Pattern of rise, rule, and fall of Chinese dynasties

Near East Phoenicians

Seafaring traders who spread culture through exploration

Near East Israelites

Developed the first lasting monotheistic religion

Greek World City-States (Poleis)

Independent political units due to Greece’s mountainous geography

Greek World Athenian Democracy

Direct democracy where citizens voted on laws

Greek World Sparta

Militaristic oligarchy focused on discipline and warfare

Greek World Phalanx

Military formation that strengthened Greek armies

Greek World Alexander the Great

Spread Greek culture across a vast empire and replaced city-states with bureaucracy

Roman Republic

Government based on rule of law and representative institutions

Roman Engineering

Roads, aqueducts, arches, and concrete supported empire expansion

Rome's Augustus

First Roman emperor after Julius Caesar’s assassination

Pax Romana

200-year period of peace and stability (Roman Empire)

Fall of Rome

Caused by invasions, economic decline, political instability, and military weakness

Christianity

Religion emphasizing equality and salvation that appealed to the poor

Paul the Apostle

Spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire

Constantine

Legalized Christianity and later made it the official religion

Byzantine Empire Constantinople

Capital city with strong defenses and strategic trade location

Justinian Code

Codification of Roman law that influenced future legal systems (Byzantine Empire)

Greek Orthodox Church

Eastern Christian church that spread Christianity to Slavs (Byzantine Empire)

Fall of Constantinople

Result of invasions, trade decline, and religious division (Byzantine Empire)

Muhammad

Prophet of Islam and messenger of Allah

Qur’an

Holy book of Islam

Sharia Law

Legal system combining religion and government (Islam)

Islamic Golden Age

Advances in science, medicine, math, and trade

Caliphate

Islamic government ruled by caliphs

Division of Islam

Political splits weakened unity of Muslim Empire

Early Middle Ages Feudalism

Political system based on land in exchange for loyalty

Early Middle Ages Manorialism

Economic system based on self-sufficient estates

Early Middle Ages Serfs

Peasants bound to the land

Early Middle Ages Role of the Church

Unified society through shared Christian values

Late Middle Ages Decline of Feudalism

Caused by trade revival and rise of towns

Late Middle Ages Magna Carta

Limited the power of the English king

Late Middle Ages Parliament

Representative government with House of Lords and Commons

Late Middle Ages Reconquista

Christian reconquest of Spain from Muslims

Renaissance

Revival of classical learning, art, and science

Humanism

Emphasis on individual potential and reason (Renaissance)

Italian City-States

Wealth and autonomy allowed Renaissance to begin

Realism

Artistic focus on everyday life and accuracy (Renaissance)

Protestant Reformation

Movement to reform Church corruption

Martin Luther

Challenged indulgences with the 95 Theses

Lutheranism

Salvation through faith alone (Reformation)

Calvinism

Belief in predestination (Reformation)

Act of Supremacy

Made English king head of the Church

Counter-Reformation

Catholic response through Jesuits and Council of Trent

Age of Enlightenment

Emphasized reason, science, and natural rights

John Locke

Believed government exists to protect natural rights (Enlightenment)

Montesquieu

Supported separation of powers (Enlightenment)

Rousseau

Believed in popular sovereignty (Enlightenment)

Adam Smith

Advocated free-market capitalism (Enlightenment)

Copernicus

Proposed heliocentric theory (Scientific Revolution)

Galileo

Provided observational evidence for heliocentrism (Scientific Revolution)

Kepler

Discovered laws of planetary motion (Scientific Revolution)

Newton

Laws of motion and universal gravitation (Scientific Revolution)

Causes of French Revolution

Inequality, financial crisis, Enlightenment ideas

Storming of the Bastille

Symbolized the start of revolution (French Revolution)

Declaration of Rights of Man

Established liberty and equality (French Revolution)

Napoleon Bonaparte

Rose to power and reformed France (French Revolution)

Battle of Waterloo

Ended Napoleon’s rule

Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand production to machine manufacturing

Factory System

Increased production and urbanization (Industrial Revolution)

Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership (Industrial Revolution)

Karl Marx

Criticized capitalism and promoted socialism (Industrial Revolution)

Bering Land Bridge

Migration route of early humans into the Americas (Pre-Columbian Americas)

Maya

Advanced civilization with writing and astronomy (Pre-Columbian Americas)

Aztec

Militaristic empire centered at Tenochtitlan (Pre-Columbian Americas)

Inca

Empire known for engineering and road systems (Pre-Columbian Americas)

Spanish Conquest

Disease and warfare destroyed native societies (Pre-Columbian Americas)

Mughal Empire

Muslim rulers who unified much of India

Confucianism

Philosophy emphasizing order and moral behavior (China)

Shogunate

Japanese feudal government led by shoguns

Samurai

Warrior class in feudal Japan