Abnormal: Schizophrenia and Psychosis

Delusion

This is a false belief that is firmly held despite what almost everyone else believes or the existence of contradictory evidence

Persecutory

This type of delusion occurs when a person thinks they are being followed, tricked, or spied on

Referential

This type of delusion occurs when a person believes that passages from books and newspapers or other messages are specifically directed at them

Bizarre

This type of delusion occurs when a person’s beliefs are outside the range of ordinary life experience

Hallucination

This is a perception-like experience that occur without an external stimulus

True

True or False: Hallucinations can occur with any sense (e.g., hearing, smell, vision, etc.)

Auditory

This is the most common type of hallucination

Auditory

This type of hallucination often involves pejorative or threatening voices or a running commentary on the person’s thoughts or actions

Disorganized Thinking

This involves a loosening of associations that is manifested as incoherence, answers or comments that are unresponsive to questions, and “slipping off the track” from one topic to another; it is typically inferred from a person’s speech

Grossly Disorganized or Abnormal Behavior

This can take the form of unpredictable agitation, a markedly disheveled appearance, clearly inappropriate sexual behavior, or catatonia

Catatonia

This involves decreased motor activity and reduced reactivity to environmental stimuli

Negative Symptoms

This involves a restriction in the range and intensity of emotions and other functions; includes blunted emotional expression, anhedonia, asociality, alogia, and avolition

Anhedonia

Decreased ability to experience pleasure

Asociality

Lack of interest in social interactions

Alogia

Diminished speech output

Avolition

Restricted initiation of goal-directed behavior

Delusional Disorder

This diagnosis is characterized by the presence of one or more delusions for at least one month

Erotomanic

In Delusional Disorder, this type of delusion occurs when someone believes that someone is romantically in love with them

Grandiose

In Delusional Disorder, this type of delusion occurs when someone believes they have great but unrecognized talent or insight or has made an important discovery

Jealous

In Delusional Disorder, this type of delusion occurs when someone believes that a spouse or lover is unfaithful

Persecutory

In Delusional Disorder, this type of delusion occurs when someone believes that they are being conspired against, cheated, spied on, or poisoned, etc.

Somatic

In Delusional Disorder, this type of delusion occurs when someone believes that they have an abnormal bodily function or sensation

Schizophrenia

This diagnosis requires the presence of at least two active phase symptoms (e.g., delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior, and negative symptoms) for at least one month, with at least one being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech—with continuous signs of the disorder for at least six months

False

True or False: A diagnosis of Schizophrenia requires delusions, hallucinations, or grossly disorganized behavior

Schizophrenia

This diagnosis is associated with inappropriate affect, dysphoric mood, disturbed sleep pattern, and lack of interest in eating

Tobacco

Substance use often co-occurs with Schizophrenia, especially __ use

Anosognosia

Limited insight into the illness; this contributes to noncompliance and relapse in those with Schizophrenia

False

True or False: People with Schizophrenia are more violent than the general population

0.3 - 0.7%

This is the prevalence of Schizophrenia

True

True or False: Men are slightly more likely than women to develop Schizophrenia

Early 20s

This is when Schizophrenia tends to start for men

Late 20s

This is when Schizophrenia tends to start for women

True

True or False: Black Americans are more likely to experience delusions and hallucinations as part of other disorders (e.g., depression)

True

True or False: Black Americans are often misdiagnosed with Schizophrenia, leading to higher prevalence rates

Developing

According to the WHO, members of [Western/Developing] nations are more likely to experience acute symptom onset, have shorter clinical course, and a complete remission of symptoms for Schizophrenia

True

True or False: Schizophrenia is often chronic, with full remission being rare

Women

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those who are [men/women]

Acute

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those with [acute/prodromal] onset

Late

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those with [early/late] onset

With

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those [with/without] a precipitating event

With

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those [with/without] family history of a mood disorder

Without

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those [with/without] a family history of Schizophrenia

More

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those with [more/less] insight into the illness

Brief

Prognosis for Schizophrenia is better for those with [brief/prolonged] duration of active-phase symptoms

10

A biological sibling of someone with Schizophrenia has a __% likelihood of also having it

17

A fraternal twin of someone with Schizophrenia has a __% likelihood of also having it

48

An identical twin of someone with Schizophrenia has a __% likelihood of also having it

46

A child of two people with Schizophrenia has a __% chance of also having it

Enlarged Ventricles

Schizophrenia is most associated with this brain abnormality

Schizophrenia

This diagnosis is associated with smaller-than-normal hippocampus, amygdala, and globus pallidus— as well as hypofrontality (linked to negative symptoms)

Dopamine Hypothesis

This was the first biochemical explanation for Schizophrenia

Dopamine Hypothesis

This attributes Schizophrenia to elevated dopamine levels or oversensitive dopamine receptors

False

True or False: The role of dopamine is the same for both positive and negative symptoms of Schizophrenia

True

True or False: Serotonin, glutamate, and GABA are also implicated in Schizophrenia

Winter and Early Spring

People in the northern hemisphere are disproportionately likely to be born in __ and __

Influenza

Schizophrenia is associated with infectious disease, especially exposure to __ in the womb

Cocaine and Amphetamines

These drugs can also cause delusions and hallucinations, making them an important differential for Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia

This disorder may include mood symptoms that are brief relative to the duration of the psychotic disorder, that do not occur during the active phase, and do not meet full criteria for a mood disorder

Schizoaffective Disorder

This disorder involves concurrent symptoms of schizophrenia and a major depressive or manic episode, with at least 2 weeks when only psychotic symptoms are present

With Psychotic Features

This specifier is used for depression and bipolar when psychotic symptoms are only present during a mood episode

Traditional (First-Generation) Antipsychotics

This class of drugs was introduced in the 1950s and includes haloperidol and fluphenazine

Tardive Dyskinesia

This is a common side effect of first-generation antipsychotic medications

Positive

Traditional antipsychotics are better at treating [negative/positive] symptoms

Atypical (Second-Generation) Antipsychotics

This class of drugs includes clozapine and risperidone; they treat both positive and negative symptoms with reduced risk for TD

True

True or False: Antipsychotics are most effective when combined with CBT, psychoeducation, social skills training, supported employment, and family/ community involvement

Expressed Emotion

This is characterized by open criticism and hostility towards the patient with Schizophrenia or overprotectiveness/ emotional overinvolvement

True

True or False: High expressed emotion in a family is associated with higher relapse and re-hospitalization rates for those with Schizophrenia

Schizophreniform Disorder

Criteria for this disorder is the same as Schizophrenia, except that symptoms occur for 1-6 months

2

Around _ in 3 patients with Schizophreniform Disorder go on to be diagnosed with Schizophrenia

Brief Psychotic Disorder

This disorder involves the presence of one or more of four symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior), with at least one being delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech; symptoms must be present for 1 day, up to one month

True

True or False: Brief Psychotic Disorder often follows exposure to an overwhelming event