World Oceans Final

The Big Bang occurred roughly ---- years ago.

13 billion

Classify the planets of the solar system based on their composition.

Rocky planets: Venus, Mars, Earth, and Mercury

Gas planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Neptune, and Uranus

Arrange the oceans in order from greatest average depth (on the top) to least average depth (on the bottom).

Greatest average depth to least average depth: Pacific, Indian, Atlantic, Southern, and Arctic

Arrange the following reservoirs in order from the one that holds the greatest volume of water (on the top) to the one that holds the least (on the bottom).

Oceans (greatest vol), ice caps and glaciers, groundwater, freshwater lakes, atmosphere, and rivers (least vol)

Arrange the eons of geologic time in chronological order from the most recent in time (on the top) to the earliest in time (on the bottom).

Phanerozoic (most recent), Proterozoic, Archean, Hadean (earliest)

Label each position of the Earth relative to the Sun

from left clockwise: summer solstice, vernal equinox, winter solstice, autumnal equinox

The residence time for water in any of Earth's principal reservoirs can be calculated by dividing ______.

reservoir volume by rate of water supply

Free oxygen was a common constituent of the Earth's early atmosphere.

False

What percent of a parent radioactive element would remain after three half-lives of decay to its daughter isotope?

12.5

The average depth of the ocean is about ______.

3800 m

Arrange Earth's layers in order from the surface (on the top) to Earth's center (on the bottom).

Lithosphere (Earth's surface), Asthenosphere, Mesosphere, Outer core, Inner core (Earth's center)

Identify the location of each of the following:

top to bottom: crust, moho, lithosphere, mantle, asthenosphere

Locate the following types of plate boundaries:

divergent: <-- -->

Convergent: --> <--

Transform: ⇌

Identify the locations of the following major plate-boundary features on the map.

Top left to right: Mariana Trench, San Andreas Fault, Himalayan Mountain Range

Bottom left to right: East Pacific Rise, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and Rift Valley

Identify all of the different observations Alfred Wegener used to support his theory of continental drift.

Geographic fit of the continents, Studies of fossil plants and animals, Patterns of glaciation, Matching bodies of rock on either side of the Atlantic, Alignment of mountain ranges when the Atlantic is closed

The density of Earth materials _______ as the core is approached.

increases

California is an example of a passive continental margin.

False

Subduction explains the fact that the oldest oceanic crust is close to 200 million years old, compared to the oldest continental rocks that are ______.

4.4 billion years old

Magnetic stripes on the seafloor are created at ______.

spreading centers

The oceans' oldest sediments are found ______.

on top of the basalt layer, far from spreading centersCorrect

Identify the correct sediment classification for each of the following sediments.

Manganese nodule: Hydrogenous

Diatom and radiolarian ooze: biogenous

Red clay: Lithogenous

Tektite: Cosmogenous

Arrange the following sediment sizes in order from largest (on the top) to smallest (on the bottom).

Boulder, cobble, pebble, granule, sand, silt, clay

Identify the location of each of the following:

left to right: passive margin, abyssal plain, divergent boundary, seamount, trench, active margin

Match the seafloor features with the province or regime they best represent.

Guyot: Abyssal plain

Trench: Active margin

Submarine canyon: continental slope

Rift Valley: Mid-ocean ridge

Identify the location of each of the following parts of a typical passive continental margin:

left to right: continental shelf, shelf break, continental slope, continental rise

Oil and gas represent only 50% of the mineral value presently taken from the seafloor.

False

Manganese nodule mining is being considered because of their high content of the element ______.

cobalt

Gas hydrates are rich in ______.

methane

The particle size of terrigenous sediments generally ________ with distance from shore.

decreases

The east coast of South America ______.

is a passive continental margin and has a relatively wide continental shelf

Match the gain or loss of heat energy with the correct water phase transition.

melting: +80 calories

warming: +100 calories

evaporating: +540 calories

freezing: -80 calories

cooling: -100 calories

condensing: -540 calories

Identify the different types of heat transfer illustrated in this image.

pot: conduction

water: convection

radiation: fire

Order the following segments of the visible spectrum of light in the order of greatest depth of penetration into the ocean, from the deepest penetrating (top) to the shallowest penetrating (bottom)

Violet, blue, green, yellow, orange, red

A water molecule can bond with other water molecules by ________ bonds.

hydrogen

Covalent bonds link a water molecule's ______.

positively charged hydrogen atoms and negatively charged oxygen atom

Light and sound are _______ by seawater.

refracted, scattered, absorbed, and attenuated

Water at hydrothermal vents is in the liquid state despite being at 300°C because of _____.

high pressure

________ is a measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance.

Heat

Heat is measured in ______.

calories

Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?

Sea ice formation and surface water evaporation

Arrange the following seawater constituents in order from the longest residence time (on the top) to the shortest residence time (on the bottom).

chloride, sodium, calcium, water, iron

Identify the correct plots of evaporation and precipitation with latitude.

blue: evaporation

red: precipitation

Identify regions with the correct relative sea surface salinity.

intermediate: 34

High: 37 (far from coasts)

Low: 30 (close to coast)

Salinity may be measured by checking the water's _______.

conductivity

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to _______.

have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other, behave as conservative materials, and have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater

Nutrients are nonconservative constituents of seawater because they _______.

do not maintain constant ratios to each other and are recycled into plants and animals

Sources of the oceans' salts are believed to include _______.

Earth's crust, Earth's early atmosphere, and volcanic eruptions

Dittmar analyzed approximately seventy seawater samples collected around the world during the Challenger Expedition. He concluded that _______.

the major ions were always present in the same ratios

As we go below the euphotic zone of the open ocean and into greater depths, _______.

carbon dioxide increases with depth

The biological pump _______.

removes particles from the surface ocean to greater depths

Identify which carbon dioxide reservoir corresponds to the correct amount of carbon dioxide stored.

blue: oceans

brown: geological

green: terrestrial

pink: atmosphere

Locate the latitude band where each of the following prevailing winds are found.

top to bottom: Polar Easterlies Northern Hemisphere, Westerlies Northern Hemisphere, Northeast trades, Southeast trades, Westerlies Southern Hemisphere, Polar Easterlies Southern Hemisphere

Match the nature of the Coriolis efffect with the geographic location on Earth.

Southern Hemisphere: deflection to the left

Northern Hemisphere: deflection to the right

Equator: no deflection

Arrange the following gases in order from the highest concentration in the atmosphere (on the top) to the lowest (on the bottom).

Nitrogen (highest concentration), oxygen, argon, neon, helium, hydrogen (lowest concentration)

A wind blowing from the northwest to the southeast is called a ______ wind.

Northwest

If the world's sea ice melted, sea level would rise.

False

Earth's surface winds are caused by air moving from a region of ______ to a region of ________.

high pressure; low pressure

El Niño events are associated with _______.

high pressure in the western Pacific

Ozone destruction appears to be related to increasing levels of _________ in the atmosphere.

chlorine

Atmospheric pressure is greatest in the _______.

troposphere

Identify what water property changes rapidly in the following regions.

Salinity: Halocline

Density: Pycnocline

Temperature: Thermocline

Identify what water property changes rapidly in the following regions.

permanent and season thermocline: mid latitude

permanent thermocline: low latitude

barely any curve: high latitude

Label each salinity profile with the correct latitude.

left side:high latitudes

right side: low latitudes

Identify the location of the following water masses:

34.9%: North Atlantic Deep Water

35.5%: Mediterranean Outflow Water

At top: Surface Water

34.6%: Antarctic Immediate Water

34.8%: Antarctic Bottom Water

Locate each of the following surface currents:

top left to right: California, Gulf Stream

bottom left to right: Kuroshio, Brazil, Agulhas

If two surface water types with the same density but different salinities and temperatures mix, the resulting water will be _______.

denser than both parent types

An average value for the salinity of seawater could be (pick the best choice) _______.

35 g/kg

A seasonal north wind blowing along the west coast of a landmass in the Northern Hemisphere produces _______.

upwelling in summer

Of the major ocean gyres, cool currents are _______.

eastern boundary currents

Thermohaline circulation is driven by changes in _______.

density

Arrange the following types of waves in order from longest wave period (on the top) to shortest wave period (on the bottom).

Tides (longest period), tsunami, short waves, capillary waves (shortest period)

Identify the location of the following:

Classify the wave types below: are they deep-water or shallow-water waves? Note that some types may appear in both categories.

Deep-water waves: capillary waves, wind waves

Shallow-water waves: wind waves, tsunami, tides

A ________ is a wave generated by a submarine earthquake.

tsunami

Constructive interference between waves increases the height of the resulting wave.

True

The most common generating force for water waves is wind.

True

The restoring force of a fully developed wind wave is _______.

gravity

The speed of a surface gravity wave is described by the _______.

wavelength divided by wave period

Water particle orbits for a shallow water wave are _______.

elliptic and flatten with depth

A wave breaks when _______.

h/L = 1/7

Label each of the following water levels:

left to right: higher low water, lower high water, lower low water, higher high water

Identify the phases of the Moon with the corresponding type of tide.

Full Moon and New Moon: Spring tide

First quarter and last quarter moon: Neap tide

Label the stages of a tidal cycle.

top: flood tide, ebb tide

bottom: low slack water, high slack water

Match the duration of the time cycles involved in tidal variations.

Lunar month: 29.5 days

Solar year: 365.25 days

Diurnal tidal cycle: 24.83 hours

Semidiurnal tidal cycle: 12.42 hours

Tidal day: 24.83 hours

Solar day: 24 hours

A tidal pattern of two high tides and two low tides each day is known as a diurnal tidal pattern.

False

The Sun plays a greater role in producing the tides than the moon.

False

Using equilibrium tidal theory, the tide may be considered a wave with a wavelength approximately ______.

half the circumference of Earth

Since the earth turns _______ the tide wave tends to move _______ around Earth.

eastward; westward

The tidal range toward the center of an ocean basin with a rotary standing tide is _______ the range at the edges of the basin.

smaller than

The possibility of obtaining large amounts of energy from the tides exists where ______.

there are large tidal ranges and there are narrow channels with swift tidal currents

Identify which beach profile corresponds to which season of the year.

top: summer

bottom: winter

Label the parts of the beach face.

left to right: beach face, runnel, ridge

Label the figure with the surf zone and swash zone and the direction of longshore transport.

swash zone: closest to shore

surf zone: after the swash

direction: parallel to shore

Beaches gain sand under severe, high-energy winter waves and lose sand under the milder, low-energy summer waves.

False

Rip currents move water toward the beach.

False

At present, sea level is decreasing around the world's coasts.

False

A coral reef coast is a product of ______.

living organisms

A beach in dynamic equilibrium

gains and loses sand in equal quantities.

The beach face ______.

is found between high-tide and low-tide levels

An estuary that is found within the mouth of a river where freshwater flows out to sea at the surface while seawater flows upstream along the bottom is ______.

a salt wedge