NCD vectors and vector borne pathogens

what is increasing vectors and vector born diseases

climate change

malaria is caused by what parasite

protozoan, plasmodium spp

symptoms from plasmodium spp

depends on species - fever, chills, headache, nausea, jaundice, severe anaemia, impaired consciousness, seizures and shock

how many cases of malaria and deaths in 2023 (WHO)

263 million cases and 597,000 deaths

Where are majority of malaria cases from

95% are from African regions

what gender of mosquito feed on blood

female

where do mosquito live and breed

stagnant water

where does reproduction of the parasite take place

in the gut of the mosquito

what is vector competence

ability of a mosquito species to acquire maintain, proliferate and/or develop a pathogen to the infective stage

extrinsic incubation period

time that it takes to complete development in the mosquito-dependent on temperature

vectorial capacity

abundance of mosquito species in a particular location at a particular time, its biting behaviour and its longevity

malaria and Europe are mostly - cases

airport cases- travel related cases

why is malaria lower in Europe

better healthcare services and medications

Lyme Borreliosis is caused by what species

Bacterium Spirochaete

How many borrelia burgdorferi species complex and how many are pathogenic

more than 20 species, and 6 are pathogenic

symptoms of Lyme borreliosis

fever like symptoms and 60-80% get bullseye skin rash

sometimes Lyme borreliosis can effect multiple systems, these are

skin, nervous system, joints or heart - all depend on the strain

Europe vector for Lyme Borreliosis

sheep tick - xodes Ricinus

what stages of life are xodes ricinus blood feeders?

all stages of life

xodes ricinus are - blood feeders

obligatory blood feeders ( they smell it with their feet/questing behaviour)

xodes ricinus habitat requirements

humidity more than 80-85%, good vegetation, temperature 7-10C

transmission of spirochate 1st requirement

they must survice the first malt

where does the parasite live in the tick

in the mid-gut

where does the parasite migrate to when the tick feeds

salivary glands

how long can it take for the parasite to migrate to the salivary glands

up to 24 hours

biological transmission

the pathogens undergo development and or multiplication

mechanical transmission

bite many times in a short period

what does vector borne parasite need in order to be established into a country

it needs a competent vector with the capacity to transmit the pathogen and it needs ambient temperature to support the extrinsic development of the pathogen in the vector

climate change effect on vectors

change in distribution and activity of the native species.

survival or vector-borne pathogens is more - due to climate change

likely

foreign pathogens are surviving from migrating on birds due to

climate change

exotic invasive mosquito danger because..

there eggs can lay dormant and withstand adverse conditions

breeder of exotic invasive mosquito

tyres, plant pots

vectors of viral diseases

Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya

other things that effect the distribution of vectors (pathogens)

increase in international trade, changes in agriculture practices, urbanisation, demographic changes (leisure and wealth)

Change is vector epidemiology can….

can increase the risk of infection/delay of appropriate treatment