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Balkanization
Process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
Binational or Multinational State
State that contains more than one nation (usually no one single dominant ethnic group)
Boundary
invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory
Centripetal Force
An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
Centrifugal Force
a force that divides people and countries
Cold War
A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years.
Colonies
a group of people who leave their native country to form in a new land a settlement subject to, or connected with, the parent nation.
Compact States
A state in which the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly
Core Area
the portion of a country that contains its economic, political, intellectual, and cultural focus.
Core-Periphery
A model of the spatial structure of development in which underdeveloped countries are defined by their dependence on a developed core region.
Cultural Boundary
an invisible boundary made by the certain cultural beliefs and traits that make the culture
Democratization
the spread of representative government to more countries and the process of making governments more representative
Locational Disputes
Conflict over location, usually associated with physical boundaries.
Territorial Disputes
A disagreement over the possession/control of land between two or more states, or over the possession or control of land
Allocation Disputes
disagreements over the control or use of shared resources, such as boundary rivers or jointly claimed fishing grounds
Operational Disputes
disagreements between neighboring states over policies to be applied to their common border; often induced by differing customs regulations, movement of nomadic groups, or illegal immigration or emigration.
Electoral Geography
The study of the geographical elements of the organization and results of elections.
Elongated States
A state with a long narrow shape
Enclave
A distinct region or community enclosed within a larger territory
Exclave
A part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.
Ethnic Force
where an ethnic group shares a well-developed sense of belonging to the same culture
European Union
An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members
Federal Systems
government systems that divide the powers between the national government and state or provincial governments
Fragmentation
Adherence to or embracing of regional and even local political authority, economic development, social and cultural associations, ethnic or national divisions.
Fragmented States
A state that includes several discontinuous pieces of territory
Frontier
A zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control.
Geometric Boundary
Political boundaries that are defined and delimited by straight lines.
Gerrymandering
Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.
Geopolitics
An interest in or taking of land for its strategic location or products
Government
the system or form by which a community or other political unit is governed
Heartland Theory
Hypothesis that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain enough strength to eventually dominate the world.
Imperialism
A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.
Internal Boundaries
boundaries that divide the interiors of a country into sections
Landlocked States
state surrounded by other land with no direct outlet to the sea
Median-Line Principle
lines made to distribute water ways when states are within 200 miles of each other
Microstate
A state or territory that is small in both size and population.
Minority Districting
rearranging districts to allow a minority representative to be elected
Majority Districting
area in which the majority of the constituents in the district are racial or ethnic minorities. used to sway electoral votes
Nationalism
A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country
Nation-State
A country who's population share a common identity.
Perforated States
a state that completely surrounds another
Physical Boundary
boundary defined by a physical land mark like a river or a lake
Friedrich Ratzel
father of modern political geography, he created the Organic Theory
Rimland Theory
Nicholas Spykman's theory that the domination of the coastal fringes of Eurasia would provide the base for world conquest.
Security Council
Five permanent members( US, UK, France, China, USSR) with veto power in the UN. Promised to carry out UN decisions with their own forces.
Sovereignty
Ability of a state to govern its territory free from control of its internal affairs by other states.
Stateless Nation
A nationality that is not represented by a state.
State
A politically organized territory that is administered by a sovereign government and is recognized by the international community.
Supranational Organization
Organization of three or more states to promote shared objectives.
Territoriality
In political geography, a country's or more local community's sense of property and attachment toward its territory, as expressed by its determination to keep it inviolable and strongly defended.
Unitary State
A state in which most political power exists at the national level, with limited local authority.
Organic Theory
The view that states resemble biological organisms with life cycles that include stages of youth, maturity, and old age.
Sea Power Theory
Mahan; late 1800s; argued that control of the sea lanes would lead to national strength.
Fortified Boundary
A boundary created by building a physical structure
Irredentism
The policy of a state wishing to incorporate within itself territory inhabited by people who have ethnic or linguistic links with the country but that lies within a neighboring state.
Terrorism
the use of violence and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims.
Subnational
Derivatives of the federal system. Designated portions of a country