Poli Sci 160 Final

Testimonial Injustice

When a person’s word has less value because of the prejudice exercised by the speaker

Identity Power

Ability to control others’ actions based on shared conceptions of one’s social identity

Identity power can be ______ or _______ and may or may not be worsened by _____

active, passive, law

Hermeneutical Injustice

The language is limited in such a way that people cannot properly express their feelings of injustice

Example of identity power: Gender roles and _____

Coverture: when women get married, they lose their legal identity as it becomes covered by their husband

Shklar definition of injustice:

The created, avoidable product of intentional harm

Passive injustice:

Failure of an individual or institution to act when they could to prevent or mitigate harm

Active injustice

Harm done directly or indirectly, due to shirking or violating law or duty

Shklar’s injustice puts an emphasis on:

The victim’s perspective of perceived injustice

In liberalism of fear, Shklar argues that we should

minimize cruelty

Shklar: misfortunes become injustices when

they can be rectified (corrected)

Shklar: Misfortunes of _____ and _____ become injustices

Gender, reproduction

Shklar: No natural conditions are more subject to social definition than _________

gender and reproduction

Shklar: social conditions have changed so that failures to equalize right are now:

Injustices

Shklar: Advances in _____ and ______ ave made these misfortunes possible

tech, society

Shklar argues that women’s relative weaknesses were considered ______ but social conditions have changed so that failures to equalize right are now ________

misfortunes, injustices

Setting ot Plato’s The Republic

Piraeus, gritty docks outside of Athens, a hub for culture and trade

Plato: where most of the discussion on justice, politics, and the soul occured

Cephalus’s house

Cephalus definition of justice

Repaying debts and telling the truth

Polemarchus definition of justice

Doing good for friends and bad to enemies

Thrasymachus definition of justice

The advantage of the stronger

City of Needs

Only a couple of people, specific jobs, produces what we need

City of Sows

More people, tools for farming, blacksmiths, etc

Luxurious city

Brings in relishes, couches, sweet foods, etcC

The city of speech is called:

Kallipolis

City of speech

Perfectly just city, introduced by socrates

Three Classes:

1. Guardians/Philosopher rules

2. Auxilaries

3. Craftspeople

Guardians/Philosopher rulers

Gold, logos, wisdom

Auxilaries

silver, thymos, spiritedness

Craftspeople

Bronze, epithymos, material desire

Machiavelli: Fortuna is like a _______ and a ______

river, woman

The ______ take advantage of ______-

ruthless, fortuna

Virtu

Political skill and knowledge

Machiavelli: A republic is ______ to take over because ______

hard, the people are used to being free

Cesare Borgia was _______ and _______

virtuous, unfortunate

Agathocles was a ______ of Syracuse. He was politically _________, but his actions are not “______________”

tyrant, virtuous, tradtionally virtuous

Hobbes State of Nature

Constant war / State of War

Hobbes’ state of nature is derived from

our own passions/conflicts

3 causes of conflict

1. competition

2. glory

   1. diffidence

competition:

over limited resources

glory:

some just want to conquer

diffidence;

rational choice is to attack first

an example of diffidence is the

prisoner’s dilemma

Hobbes: there is no injustice because

we cannot break our agreements

We cannot break our agreements because

agreements do not exist in the state of nature

hobbes: everyone is equal because

We all die

hobbes: human nature is:

rational

hobbes: human nature is the

drive for self preservation

Natural right:

the right to pursue our own self-preservation, and we are the judge of what that means

Hobbes: good and evil are

subject to each person’s desires

3 endeavours according to Hobbes:

1. appetite

2. aversion

   1. contempt

Hobbes limits on the sovereign: (2)

1. must maintain peace and order

   1. cannot force you to kill yourself

Hobbes: a good soverign is _____, ______, _______

clear, equitable, charitable

Hobbes definition of justice

Justice is the law, which is adhering to your contracts

Rousseau’s goal of the social contract

to make our chains legitimate

The General Will is

the sovereign

Rousseau: The sovereign

1. guides our lawmaking

2. always right but does not always have rectitude

Rousseau: the General Will is always _______ but does not always have ________

right, rectitude

Rousseau: citizens are __________

collective associates

We _________ ourselves to the General Will

submit/alienate

Rousseau: the government = _____

Force

Rousseau: sovereignty = ______

the general will of the people

Will of all

Summation of all of our private and particular wills

The will of all is ________

not always equal to the General Will

Rousseau: the issue of people who argue for the right of the stronger is:

confusing force/coercion with obligation

Rousseau’s Issues with Democracy

1. Private interests may permeate into sovereignty (General Will)

2. Simplifies morals

3. Prevents the government from checking bad impulses in the people

Rawls: Original Position is

a thought experiment individuals perform to determine just social arrangements

The original position relies on the _________

Veil of ignorance

The veil of ignorance

is a methodological tool that requires individuals to make decisions without knowledge of their personal circumstances, ensuring fairness in the creation of a just society.

The veil of ignorance is the only method that would be ________ to cooperating persons because it wouldn’t _______

fairly agreed upon, give any one undue advantage

Rawls Theory of Justice

Justice as fairness

Rawls sees justice as fairness, not

justice is fairness

Rawls beleives we need to develop a political conception of justice because there exists a

plurality of incommensurable conceptions of the good

Therefore, according to Rawls we need to deduce an ________ of principles of justice

overlapping consensus

Three principles of Justice (Rawls)

1. Lexical Priority of Liberty

2. Freedom of Opportunity

3. Difference Principle

Lexical Priority of Liberty

each person has basic rights and liberties that can’t be infringed

Freedom of opportunity

any inequality must only be attatched to offices available to all under fair equality of opportunity

difference principle

any inequality must be to the greatest benefit for the least well-off

Anderson: Democratic equality aims to construct a community of equals by guaranteeing “__________________________”

all law-abiding citizens effective access to the social condition of their freedom at all times

Wollstonecraft wrote

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Wollstonecraft believes that both sexes ought to have ________ to develop ______

an education, reason

Current education trains women to be

obidient

Wollstonecraft maintained that there exist _________ and a necessary relationship between two genders, but insists on dignifying ________ and the relationship

distinct gender roles, the woman’s role

Mill wrote

On liberty, utilitarianism, and the subjection of women

On Liberty: Harm Principle:

liberty as non-domination

Subjection of Women quote: the legal subordination of one sex to another is ______, and now one of the chief hindrances to ________… it ought to be replaced by a system of ________, admitting no privilege on the one side, nor _____ on the other

wrong in itself, human improvement, perfect equality, diability

Mill: the oppression of women is wrong for two reasons

1. wrong in itself

   1. wrong for its consequences

Historical arguments for the subjection of women are incorrect because Mills agrees with ____ in arguing that ______ does not equal ______

Rousseau, might, right

Truth wrote

Aint I a Woman

Version 2 was published in _____ by a ______, supported _______ and shifts the focus from _____ to ______

1863, white suffragette, racial stereotypes, race, women

13th ammendment

abolishes slavery

Douglass wrote

What to a slave is the fourth of july

In “what to a slave is the fourth of july” douglass states that the constitution is

a glorious liberty document

In “constituion and slavery” douglass shifts his perspective to claim that the constitution is a “_____” document that could _________ and that the issue was _______

glorious, never make slavery legal, in the interpretation

Douglass calls for the “______, ______, and _____” enfranchisement of the black man in every state of the Union. This is: _______

immediate, unconditional, universal, what the black man wants most

The black man wants ______ the most

enfranchisement/the right to vote

Douglass calls for the abolition of

the vice president

King Jr. wrote

A letter from Birmingham Jail

In the letter from Birmingham jail, he responded to crisitims that public protests were “______ and ______” and made the case for _________

unwise, untimely, nonviolent civil disobedience

King says that Injustice anywhere is a threat to _______ everywhere

justice