Human Development Chapter 7

socialization

teaching children the values, roles, and behaviors of their culture

authoritarian parenting

parents who show high levels of control and low levels of warmth toward their children

authoritative parenting

parents who use a moderate amount of control and are warm and responsive to their children

permissive parenting

style of parenting that offers warmth and caring but little parental control over children

uninvolved parenting

style of parenting that provides neither warmth nor control and that minimizes the amount of time parents spend with children

direct instruction

telling a child what to do, when, and why

counterimitation

learning what should not be done by observing the behavior

reinforcement

consequence that increases the liklihood that a behavior will be repeated in the future

punishment

applying an aversive stimulus (e.g., a spanking) or removing an attractive stimulus (e.g., TV viewing)

negative reinforcement trap

unwittingly reinforcing a behavior you want to discourage

time-out

punishment that involves removing children who are misbehaving from a situation to a quiet, unstimulating environment

joint custody

when both parents retain legal custody of their children following divorce

blended family

family consisting of a biological parent, a stepparent, and children

ego resilience

a person's ability to respond adaptively and resourcefully to new situations

friendship

voluntary relationship between two people involving mutual liking

co-rumination

conversations about one's personal problems, common among adolescent girls

clique

small group of friends who are similar in age, sex, and race

crowd

large group including many cliques that have similar attitudes and values

dominance hierarchy

ordering of individuals within a group in which group members with lower status defer to those with greater status

popular children

children who are liked by many classmates

rejected children

as applied to children's popularity, children who are disliked by many classmates

controversial children

as applied to children's popularity, children who are intensely liked or disliked by classmates

average children

as applied to children's popularity, children who are liked and disliked by different classmates, but with relatively little intensity

neglected children

as applied to children's popularity, children who are ignored - neither liked nor disliked - by their classmates

instrumental aggression

aggression used to achieve an explicit goal

hostile aggression

unprovoked aggression that seems to have the sole goal of intimidating, harassing, or humiliating another child

recursive thinking

thoughts that focus on what another person is thinking

prejudice

a view of other people, usually negative, that is based on their membership in a specific group