HAP Lab quiz 1

Anatomical position

Standing upright, facing forward, head facing forward, arms at the sides, palms facing forward, and feet directed forward.

Why anatomical position is important

It provides a standard reference position for describing the location of body structures.

Superior

Toward the head or above another structure.

Inferior

Toward the feet or below another structure.

Anterior

Toward the front of the body.

Posterior

Toward the back of the body.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

Proximal

Closer to the point where a limb attaches to the body.

Distal

Farther from the point where a limb attaches to the body.

Superficial

Closer to the surface of the body.

Deep

Farther from the surface of the body.

Ipsilateral

On the same side of the body.

Contralateral

On opposite sides of the body.

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right portions.

Midsagittal plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Parasagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right portions.

Frontal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Coronal plane

Another name for the frontal plane.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior portions.

Horizontal plane

Another name for the transverse plane.

Abdominal quadrants

Four divisions of the abdomen: RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, and LLQ.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Upper right portion of the abdomen; contains most of the liver and the gallbladder.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Upper left portion of the abdomen; contains the stomach and spleen.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Lower right portion of the abdomen; contains the appendix and cecum.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Lower left portion of the abdomen; contains portions of the large and small intestines.

Appendix location

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).

Gallbladder location

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ).

Spleen location

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ).

Stomach location

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ).

Liver location

Mostly in the Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ).

Abdominal regions

Nine divisions of the abdomen arranged in a 3 × 3 grid.

Right hypochondriac region

Upper right abdominal region.

Epigastric region

Upper middle abdominal region.

Left hypochondriac region

Upper left abdominal region.

Right lumbar region

Middle right abdominal region.

Umbilical region

Middle abdominal region surrounding the navel.

Left lumbar region

Middle left abdominal region.

Right iliac/inguinal region

Lower right abdominal region.

Hypogastric region

Lower middle abdominal region.

Left iliac/inguinal region

Lower left abdominal region.

Integumentary system

Protects the body and helps regulate body temperature; includes skin, hair, nails, and glands.

Skeletal system

Provides support and protection, assists movement, stores minerals, and produces blood cells; includes bones and cartilage.

Muscular system

Produces movement, maintains posture, and generates heat; includes skeletal muscles and tendons.

Nervous system

Provides rapid communication and control; includes the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs.

Endocrine system

Produces hormones that regulate body processes; includes glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands.

Cardiovascular system

Transports blood, oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and wastes; includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels.

Lymphatic/immune system

Provides immune defense and returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream; includes lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, spleen, and thymus.

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide; includes the lungs and airways.

Digestive system

Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, and eliminates solid waste; includes the stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Urinary system

Removes wastes from the blood and regulates water and electrolytes; includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

Reproductive system

Produces sex cells and hormones and is responsible for reproduction; includes reproductive organs such as the ovaries or testes.

Nervous vs. endocrine systems

Nervous system uses rapid nerve signals; endocrine system uses hormones and generally produces slower, longer-lasting effects.

Proximal example

The elbow is proximal to the wrist.

Distal example

The fingers are distal to the elbow.

Medial example

The nose is medial to the eyes.

Lateral example

The ears are lateral to the eyes.

Superficial example

The skin is superficial to the muscles.

Deep example

The bones are deep to the muscles.

Anterior example

The sternum is anterior to the heart.

Posterior example

The vertebral column is posterior to the heart.

Superior example

The head is superior to the chest.

Inferior example

The stomach is inferior to the heart.

Ipsilateral example

The right arm and right leg are ipsilateral.

Contralateral example

The right arm and left leg are contralateral.

Sagittal memory trick

Sagittal = left and right.

Frontal memory trick

Frontal = front and back.

Transverse memory trick

Transverse = top and bottom.

Medial memory trick

Medial = toward the middle.

Superficial memory trick

Superficial = toward the surface.

Proximal memory trick

Proximal = closer.

Distal memory trick

Distal = distant or farther away.

Ipsi memory trick

Ipsi = same side.

Contra memory trick

Contra = opposite side.