IB PSYCH SL - CHAPTER 1

William James

Functionalism; understood that information that is personally meaningful is better comprehended and remembered.

psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, scientific method guides it

Rene Descartes

french philosopher that proposed doctrine called interactive dualism

interactive dualism

the idea that mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences

physiology

the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of psych, created the first psychology lab in Germany, studied fundamental psychological processes such as mental reaction time in response to auditory or visual stimuli. Sound of a bell, etc. Said psych and physiology should be separate that would use experimental methods to study mental processes. Defined psych as the study of consciousness and emphasized the use of experimental methods to study and measure consciousness.

Edward B. Titchener

founder of structuralism, wundt's student, welcomed women in the field of psych, taught subjects to use introspection (subs would view simple stimulus and try to reconstruct their sensations/feelings immediately after viewing it, creating a description of concious experience.)

structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind, even most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into elemental structures (or component parts) of sensations/feelings.

Functionalism

stressed importance of how behavior functions to allow people/animals to adapt. James describes consciousness as an ongoing stream of mental activity that shifts and changes, coming in waves of knowledge (feelings of desire constantly coming and going) Didn't limit introspection

G. Stanley Hall

William James' student, founded the first psychology research lab in the US at John's Hopkins, also made APA (American Psychological Association)

Mary Whiton Calkins

William James' student, assigned to teach experimental psychology at a new women college, studied with James at Harvard, didn't get PhD bc wasn't allowed, studied dreams, memory, and personality, 1st APA women's president

Margaret Floy Washburn

William James' student, first women to get PhD in psych, summarized research on sensations, perception, learning and other "inner experiences"

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalysis: emphasized role on unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality (basis on uncovering causes of behavior that were unconscious or hidden, ego, id, superego, sexual/aggressive drives), influenced psychotherapy

John B Watson

behaviorism: emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation and learning processes

Ivan Pavlov

behaviorism, dogs salivating when bell rang

psychodynamic

unconscious, aggressive/sexual drives, childhood experiences/trauma, id, superego, ego, archetypes; big names = freud, young, adler, horney; case studies

id

inner child

ego

the largely conscious part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain, realistic, between superego and id, maintains balance

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations, moral conscious

learning/behavioral

external behavior/observations, stimulus based rewards/punishment; big names = pavlov, skinner, watson, bandura; small animal testing and children

cognitive :)

information processors, mind is computer, input output, selective attention, memory, schemas, language, thinking, illogical, decision, making, logic, big names = miller, sterling, ebbinghaus, loftus; human memory recall experiments, brain imaging, case studies, inferences, modern technology

b. f. skinner

after watson, behaviorism, studied animals under controlled laboratory conditions, reinforcement / punishment

carl rogers

humanistic psych: emphasized the importance of self-determination and free will, emphasized conscious experiences of clients including their potential for psychological growth / self-direction

abraham maslow

humanistic psych, theory of motivation that emphasized growth

biological perspective

emphasized studying physical basis of human and animal behaviors including the nervous system/endocrine/ immune systems along w genetics, medication, MRI, PET scan, fMRI (fufnctional) helped study brain structure

behavioral perspective

how behavior is acquired or modified by environmental causes

cross-cultural perspective

diversity of behavior in different cultures, alone vs group; social loafing (more effort alone)

evolutionary perspective

using evolution to explain processes and phenomena

charles darwin

Evolution by "natural selection" (the weaker die out) wrote On the Origin of Species

culture

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.

ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

individualistic cuture

doing things for yourself over others

collectivistic culture

group over individual, asia, africa, south america, 2/3 of world is this way

experimental psychology

based on experiments, sensory processes, principles of learning, motivation, emotion

developmental psychology

different stages of growth, physical, social, psychological changes at different ages

social psychology

how people are affected by social environments, conformity, aggression, obedience

personality psychology

characteristics that make people unique, how they originated and developed

health psychology

focuses on psychological factors and development prevention/treatment of illness

educational psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning, clinical counseling

industrial/organizational psychology

relations between people and work, people and equipment

clinical psychology

prevents/treats psychological disorders, psychoanalyists are clinical psychologists

scientific method

assumptions, attitudes, procedures that guide researchers, psychologists see that events are lawful/explainable

scientific skepticism

approach of evaluating all claims with an open mind but insisting on persuasive evidence before accepting them

empirical evidence

information we can verify with our senses, objective observation

steps of scientific method

formulate question, design study to collect data, analyze data, report results

hypothesis

describes relationship between two or more variables, if then statement

variables

factors that can vary or change

operational definition

defines variables in terms of how it will be measured

critical thinking

the active process of minimizing preconceptions and biases while evaluating evidence, determining the conclusions that can reasonably be drawn from evidence, and considering alternative explanations for research findings or other phenomena

critical thinkers are:

assume other perspective, aware of biases, flexible but maintain skepticism, reflective thinkers, not impulsive, scrutinize evidence before drawing conclusion

research method

a systematic plan for doing research; can be descriptive or experimental

descriptive method

research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations, describes behavior; who, what, when, where, why

experimental method

one variable changes second, causation

statistics

used to summarize, analyze, draw conclusions from collected data

statistically significant

an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance-less than .05 or 5% never fully trust

practical significance

real-world importance

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies on one topic

replicate

to repeat, to copy, or to duplicate

theory

A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation, psychologists observe natural behaviors that could be covert (hidden) or overt (present), psychologists pretend they are apart of group

pseudoscience

A fake or false science that makes claims based on little or no scientific evidence. breaks rule of falsifiability

paranormal phenomena

falls outside range of normal human experience

Rule of Falsifiability

In order for a claim to be scientifically tested and proved true, there must be identifiable evidence that could prove the claim false.

illusory correlation

The mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not

use it it true to understand how scientific method is used to test a claim

t- testable

r- reliable

u- unusual (dif results?)

e- explainable

case study

study of one individual or small group in great detail

survey

people respond to structured set of questions

sample

a subset of the population

representative sample

a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole

random selection

everyone has equal chance of selection

ways to sample

self selective (volunteer), purposive sample (seeking someone), opportunity/convenience sample, snowball sampling, stratified sample (equal number)

target population

the whole group you want to study or describe

participant population

group studied after sample used

humanistic

study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free will, rogers maslow, kelly, case studies

biological :)

sperry, loewi, galvani, broca; experiments, brain imaging

socio-cultural :)

how people act in a group, conformity, social self, compliance, group membership; bandura, sherif, asch, milgram; human experiments, naturalistic observations/surveys

nature vs nurture

Heredity vs. Environment

free will vs deterministic

choice vs no choice (predetermined)

objective vs subjective

fact vs. opinion (objective are biological, learning/behavioral)

descriptive vs experimental

case study vs experiment

correlational vs causational

relationship vs cause and effect

qualitative vs quantitative

descriptions vs. numbers and measurements

holism vs reductionism

whole vs simplified

Nomothetic vs idiographic

explanation of group vs explanation of individual

correlational study

examines variable relations, used when ethics is broken

correlational coefficient

a number between -1 and +1 expressing the degree of relationship between two variables, strength and degree of relationship/magnitude and direction

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. high z scores on x = high z scores on y

negative correlation

as one variable increases, the other decreases. high z scores on x = low z scores on y

true or false: experimental is causational

true

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

dependent variable

a variable whose value depends on that of another.

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups

experimental group/conditon

In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

control group/condition

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

placebo control group

control group in which some participants believe they are receiving the experimental treatment, but they are not

practice effect

any change in performance that results from mere repetition of a task

expectancy effect (placebo effect)

placebo group helps researchers check this, they are changes that occur bc subjects expected change