socialization & social networking

society

people who share a culture & territory

framework for behavior, thoughts, & feelings

groups

people who have something in common & who believe that that is significant. influence cognition

hunting & gathering societies

human group dependent on hunting/gathering for survival

small, nomadic, intimate, most egalitarian, few possessions, discussions to make decisions

shaman

tribe's healing specialist who attempts to control the spirits thought to cause a disease

pastoral society

society based on pasturing of domesticated animals

(can remain nomadic & follow herds)

horticultural society

society based on cultivating plants by the use of hand tools. permanent settlements

domestication revolution

1ST social revolution

based on the domestication of plants and animals

led to pastoral/horticultural (settled) societies

division of labor

specialization of jobs/trade= accumulation of possesions & social inequality

social inequality

some families/clans acquired more goods than others, leading to fueds, wars, and slavery

consequences of domestication revolution

dependable food supply = larger groups

division of labor

social inequality

concentration of wealth

changes in types of leadership

agricultural revolution

2nd social revolution

"dawn of civilization"

based on the invention of the plow

leading to agricultural societies

agricultural society

society based on large-scale agriculture

consequences of agricultural revolution

increased pop. & cities

inequality = fundamental feature of society

concentration of power over "subjects"

taxes & armies

females became subject to males

w/ basic needs met, culture/tech develops

industrial revolution

3rd social revolution

energy & power

machines powered by fuels replaced most animal/human power

began w/ British steam engine

industrial society

social based on harnessing of machines powered by fuels

defined by Herbert Blumer

consequences of industrial revolution

increased material wealth & social inequality

wealthy men hired workers

few legal rights for laborers

increased consumer goods, ownership

monarchies >>> representative gov.

rights for women & minorities

post industrial (information) society

based on info, services, & high tech rather than raw materials/manufacturing

selling goods >>> selling info

post industrial reovlution

4th social revolution

based on microchip

biotech society

society whose economy increasingly centers on modifying genetics to produce food, medicine, & materials

undefined beginning date

will change how we think about self & life

how does each type of society influence its members?

sets boundaries for members including status, roles, groups, behavior, beliefs, social inequality, relationships, etc

amonie

(Durkheim) bewildering sense of not belonging in such a huge/dominating society

according to Durkheim, how can amonie be prevented?

small groups that give sense of belonging & buffers against larger group

aggregate

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

category

people, objects, & events that have similar characteristics and are classified together (statistically)

members do not interact or view themselves as belonging together

primary groups

(Charles Cooley) a small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association & cooperation

Ex: family & friends

how do primary groups effect people?

they give self of belonging & self-esteem

provide internal lens to view self & life (mirror within)

can be dysfunctional

secondary groups

larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, & impersonal group based on interest/activity

interact based on statuses/hierarchy

often break into primary groups

Ex: college classes, political parties

how do secondary groups affect people?

necessary for society, but do not satisfy need for intimate association

in group

group toward which one feels loyalty

how do in-groups affect people?

shape your perception of the world, your view of right/wrong, & your behavior

"we" vs "they" divisions can have functional & dysfuctional consequences

out group

group toward which one feels antagonism/friction

reference groups

group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves (who you seek advice from)

even groups you do not belong to

Ex: family, neighbors, teachers, classmates

how do reference groups affect people?

contradictions between you & these groups can cause inner turmoil

social network

the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together

clique

cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact w/ one another

Stanley Milgram

studied "small world phenomenom"

letters reached "targets" w/ an avg. of 6 jumps

everyone in US is separated by 6 people

kinship group

universal & enduring

you will be connected w/ these people your entire life

size & power varies

territorial groups

neighborhood & community. provide service to the residents

interest groups

form to pursue their common recreational, intellectual, and professional goals/interests

promote congeniality & longtime pleasant association

pressure groups

involved w/ politics

can originally be interest groups

divided into special interest & conflict groups

special interest groups

organized to promote political goals

conflict groups

depend upon intimidation and disruption to their special interests or bring about radical social change

assemblies

gatherings of people who are transient in character and in which contacts are casual

divided into audience, crowd, & mob

audience

group of people assembled in the same place with a common focus of attention

crowd

temporary group of people that do not share a common focus of attention (usually unscheduled)

mob

crowd gone wild (usually unscheduled)

Judith Kleinfeld

replicated Milgram's study & concluded that strangers are dramatically separated by social barriers

"lumpy oatmeal phenomenon"

examples of barriers that divide us into smaller worlds

geography, social class, gender, race, ethnicity

group dynamics

ways in which individuals affect groups & ways groups influence individuals

small group

group small enough for everyone to interact directly w/ all members. either primary or secondary

George Simmel

how group size affects behavior. (dyads & triads)

dyad

smallest possible group (2 people)

intense, unstable, intimate, focused on both indiviudals

triad

group of 3

decreased intensity of interaction

increased stability (but still unstable)

often produces mediator

coalition

alignment of some group members against others

as group goes larger...

increased stability

decreased intensity/intimacy

increased formal structure/leadership

effects of group size on behavior

increased size = increased formality of speech/body language, division into smaller groups

influences willingness to help one another & diffusion of responsibility

John Darley & Bibb Latane

studied people's willingness to help others base on group size

diffusion of responsibility & bystanders effect

leaders

someone who influences other people's opinions, behavior, or attitudes

can represent their values or lead a group out of a crisis

usually outgoing, determined, & self confident

Lloyd Howells and Selwyn Becker

studied groups of strangers picking leaders

found that we interact more with those facing us

types of leaders

instrumental & expressive

instrumental leader

(task oriented) individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals

expressive leader

(socioemotional) individual who increases harmony, boosts morale, & minimizes conflict in a group

usually not recognized as leader but popular

leadership style

ways people express their leadership

authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire

authoritarian leader

individual who leads by giving orders

democratic leader

individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

laissez-faire leader

individual who leads by being highly permissive

Ronald Lippitt & Ralph White

studied groups of boys under dif. leadership styles

authoritarian = dependence, apathy, aggression

democractic = friendlier, supportive, steady pace

laissez faire = lack of achievement, goofing off

is there a "best" leadership style?

no, different situations require different styles

Asch experiment

studied how people conform to peer pressure even if the answers are not correct (group conformity)

people manipulate you to see their world & deny your own reality

decreased criticism = decreased conformity

stanley milgram

studied "teachers" punishing "students" for incorrect answers w/ electric shocks

reassurance from "authority" (experimenter) led many "teachers" to continue, even after questioning the morality

group think

(Irving Janis) narrowing of thought by a group of people, leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer & that to suggest alternatives = disloyalty

consequences of groupthink

"good" people doing "bad" things

putting aside moral judgements & risks

prevention of groupthink

wide, variety of people in a nation's top gov officials & circulation of research by independent social scientists

lexus meaning

modernization, privatization of economies, streamlining, globalization, sustenance, prosperity, improving standards of living

olive tree meaning

everything that roots, identifies, & locates us in this world (linguistically, geographically, historically, etc)

family, community, religion, nation

what does our olive tree give us?

individuality, personal rituals, confidence, security, and belonging to become a complete person

what happens when the olive tree becomes overpowered?

forging identities, bonds, & communities based on exclusion of others

what is the biggest threat to the olive tree in past vs. modern day?

past- other olive trees

now- lexus

OT > L Examples

• Norway Referendum & not joining European nation to keep national culture

• French Village 100% tax on Coca Cola to fight US tariff on their cultural cheese

• Germans buying Mein Kampf on Amazon while banned by their gov.

what happens when the OT & L are balanced?

society is rooted to culture but still prosperous economically

OT & L balance Examples

• Kayapo Indian village in Brazilian Amazon used TV to charge miners current gold rates. make $ to preserve their way of life

• Airplane GPS showing Muslim passengers which way to pray

L > OT Examples

• cyber thugs staging organized violence w/ internet websites

• soccer teams renamed to "Total Network Solutions" after being paid by a cellular phone company

what happens when the lexus overpowers the olive tree?

not secure enough & never able to open up fully to world

how does AI influence consumer behavior

• grocery stores w/o cashiers. facial recognition as currency

• analyzing you for loans in 5 seconds based on 5,000 characteristics

• AI packs supermarket orders & delivers packages w/o people stepping foot in the building

• search engines & social media use your data & predict your interests

• corporations used contagions on social media to manipulate our emotions w/o our awareness

• Alexa surveils our personal lives

how does AI influence social inequality?

• social punishment/reward system based on social credits & behavior w/ face recognition (Ex: jaywalking)

• decreased wages & employment w/ AI taking over jobs

• automation decreases standards of living quietly

how does AI change production?

• automation = increased productivity but decreased jobs

• robots don't need breaks, sick days, vacation, etc

• decreased white collar jobs (legal, finance, clerical)

• change from industrial capitalism (focus on labor) to surveillance capitalism (use of private data by companies)

how does AI change worker-owner relations?

• driverless trucks take away jobs from drivers, truck stops, diners, etc

• 47-50% of jobs predicted to be lost

• jobs produced by AI (etc: quality inspection)

• AI analysis of job interviews

how does AI change social interaction?

• sudden increase in social development during the Industrial revolution overcame the limits of physical power

• now, we are overcoming the limits of our lives

• increased tech/communication yet increased social isolation

how does AI influence gender roles?

• women hold the majority of jobs lost to AI but men are usually represented

• Ex: clerical/office jobs

how does AI influence international conflict?

• US vs China battle for AI superiority

• China using AI to target the Uyghur ethnic group

• determining their risks of terrorism & detaining people in re-education camps

• collective punishment of an ethnic group