Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

physiology

the study of function of body parts and how they work

gross anatomy

large visible functions (the heart)

regional anatomy

looks at all structures in a particular area of the body (organs of abdominal cavity)

System anatomy

Looks at just one system (cardio system)

Microscopic anatomy

structures to small to be seen by the naked eye (cytology: study of cells)

Levels of organization (TEST QUESTION)

Atomic: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur

Molecular: inorganic/organic molecules

Cellular level: single cell (neuron) with organelles

Tissue Level: groups of similar cells (connective)

Organ Level: contains 2 or more types of tissues (heart)

Organ system level: organs that work together (respiratory)

organism level: all organ systems combined (human)

Maintaining boundaries (Requirements for life 1 of 5)

Skin, plasma membranes of cell

Movement (Requirements for life 2 of 5)

skeletal muscles, smooth muscles of intestines, cardiac muscle

Responsiveness (Requirements for life 3 of 5)

Reflexiveness of nervous system, release of hormones, control of bp, etc

Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion (Requirements for life 4 of 5)

Digestion, Metabolism, Excretion

Breakdown food, absorb it, and convert it to energy

Reproduction/ Growth (Requirements for life 5 of 5)

Mitosis and meiosis

Integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, glands

skeletal system

bones and articulations (joints)

Muscular system

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

Nervous system

Central nervous system- brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system- cranial nerves, spinal nerves, enteric nervous system

special senses

vision, hearing, tasting, smell, equilibrium

Standard anatomical position (TEST QUESTION)

Body erect, feet slightly apart palms facing forward with thumbs positioning away from body

directional terms (TEST QUESTION)

describe one body structure in relation to another body structure

right and left refer to the patient’s perspective, opposite of you

superior

upper

inferior

lower

Anterior

Front

Posterior (Dorsal)

Back

Medial

Toward the inside of the body

Lateral

Toward the outside of the body

Proximal

closer the center of the body

Distal

Further from center of the body

superficial

closer to the surface

deep

more internal

Head (1 of 6 body regions)

cranial, facial, buccal (cheek)

Neck (2 OF 6 BODY REGIONS)

Cervical

Torso (3 of 6 body regions )

thoracic, mammary, pectoral, abdominal, lumbar, sacral

Arm (4 of 6 body regions )

axillary (armpit), brachial (upper arm), antecubital (front of elbow, IV), carpal (wrist), palmar (palm)

Pelvis (5 of 6 body regions)

groin, inguinal (v’s hips), pubic (form hip bone)

Leg (6 of 6 body regions)

gluteal (butt), femoral (upper thigh), popliteal (back of knee), patellar (kneecap), tarsal (upper foot), peroneal (lower leg), calcaneal (heel), plantar (side of foot), pedal (foot)

Body planes

surfaces along which body or structures may be cut for anatomical study

sagittal plane

Divide the body left/right

Frontal (coronal) plane

Divides body front and back (posterior/ anterior)

Transverse (horizontal) plane

Dives top and bottom (superior/ inferior)

Body cavities

contain internal cavities and provide different degrees of protection of internal organs.

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial (brain), and vertebral (spinal cord)

Ventral body cavity

thoracic (Mediastinum, Pericardial, & Pleural)- heart and lungs

abdominal- GI organs

pelvic- urinary and reproductive organs

Homeostasis

a state of equilibrium, always readjusting as needed

maintained by contribution of all organs (esp. endocrine and nervous system)

maintained by positive and negative feedback mechanisms

Variables

factors that can change- vitals such as blood pressure, raspatory rate, temp., and blood glucose.

Receptor (sensor) (1 of three homeostatic controls)

monitors environment

responds to stimuli (skin)

control center: brain (2 of 3 homeostatic controls)

determines setpoint at which variable is maintained

receives input from receptor

determines appropriate response

Effector (3 of 3 homeostatic controls)

Receives output from control center

provides the means to respond

response either reduces stimuli (negative feedback) or enhances stimuli (positive feedback)

negative feedback mechanism

most used feed back mechanism used in body

response shuts off or reduces original stimulus

Examples of negative feedback mechanisms

regulation of body temp (nervous system)

regulation of blood glucose by insulin (endocrine system)

Positive feedback mechanism (TEST QUESTION)

response enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus

usually controls infrequent events that don’t require continuous adjustment

examples of positive feedback mechanisms (TEST QUESTION)

enhancement of labor contractions by oxytocin

platelet plug formation and blood clotting

Abdominal quadrants

quadrants are divisions used primarily but medical personnel.

Right upper quadrant (1 of 4 abdominal quadrants)

liver and gallbladder

Left upper quadrant (2 of 4 abdominal quadrants)

spleen, part of stomach

Right lower quadrant (3 of 4 abdominal quadrants)

intestines and appendix

Left lower quadrant (4 of 4 abdominal quadrants)

intestines, esp. terminal colon