Boards Part 1 Biochemistry

water soluble vitamins

B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, B12, C

fat soluble vitamins

A, D, E, K

B1

Thiamine

minerals

chromium

cobalt

magnesium

iodine

iron

selenium

zinc

flouride

Proteins are made up of

one or more chains of amino acids

Enzymes are

proteins comprised of amino acids linked together in one or more polypeptide chains

carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

glycosaminoglycans

nucleic acids

nitrogenous bases and base pairing

Active form of B1 (Thiamine)

TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) aka thiamin diphosphate

B1 reaction

decarboxylation

B1 deficiency

Beriberi and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

wet: cardiovascular

dry: PNS

B2

Riboflavin

active form of B2

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

B2 reaction type

oxidation/reduction

Dehydrogenase enzyme

deficiency of B2

Cheilosis aka angular stomatitis- magenta tongue, crackling/crusting on sides of mouth

B3

Niacin

active form of B3

NAD

NADH

nicatinamide

adenine dinucleotide

B3 reaction

Oxidation/ reduction, dehydrogenase enzyme

deficeincy of B3

Pellagra- dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death 4 D's

B5

pantothenic acid

active form of B5

Panthenol

B5 reaction

Structural component of Coenzyme A (CoA)

B6

pyridoxine

B6 active form

transamination (ketoacid-amino acid, gluconeognesis), amino acid metabolism

B6 reaction

Transanimations (ie- ketoacid-> amino acid) and amino acid metabolism

B7

Biotin

B7 reaction

carboxylation add a carboxyl group

Deficiency of B6 (pyridoxine)

carpal tunnel syndrome

deficiency in B7

hair loss, brittle nails

B9

folic acid

active form of B9

Methyltetrahydrofolate

reaction of B9

Methylation- donate methyl group DNA and RNA synthesis

deficiency of B9

Glossitis- inflammation of tongue, neural tube defects

B12

Cobalamin

B12 active form

methylcobalamin

deficiency of B12

megaloblastic anemia,

pernicious anemia factor

Combined system disease aka posterolateral sclerosis

active form of vitamin c

ascorbic acid

reaction of vitamin c

collagen synthesis

iron absoorption

deficiency of vitamin C

Scurvy- bleeding gums, fragile blood vessels

decreased wound healing

active form of vitamin A

retinal

retinoic acid (most active)

reaction of vitamin A

vision and growth

deficiecny of vitamin A

nyctalopia- night blindness

keratomalacia- degeneration of cornea

xerophthalmia- dry eyes

vitamin A is a precursor of

rhodopsin

active form of Vitamin D

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

deficiency of vitamin D

Rickets- softening of bones in childhood

osteomalacia- softening og bones in adulthood

increases intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption and facilitates

renal absorption

active form of vitamin E

alpha-tocopherol

reaction of vitamin E

lipid antioxidant

excess vitamin E

diarrhea

best sources of vitamin E

Nuts, seedsm vegetables (wheat germ) oil

active form of vitamin k

hydroquinone

reaction of vitamin K

Blood clotting, precursor to coenzyme Q

deficiency of vitamin k

hemorrhage

vitamin k is made by

gut flora

best source of vitamin k

green leafy vegetables

function of chromium

glucose tolerance factor is the biologically active form of chromium; it increases power of insulin

deficiency of chromium

impaired glucose tolerance

function of cobalt

one of the components of vitamin B12

deficiency of cobalt

same deficiencies as B12

function of magnesium

binds to atp

muscle contraction/relaxation

protein production

cofactor in more than 300 enzymes

deficiency of magnesium

Hyperexcitability

Muscle weakness

Sleepiness

function of iodine

thyroid glands convert iodine into thyroid hormones T3 and T4

deficiency of iodine in children

cretinism

deficiency of iodine of adults

goiter, myxedema

function of iron

used to make hemoglobin and myoglobin

defieciency of iron

hypochromic microcytic microcytic anemia

function of selenium

antioxidant

function of zinc

carbonic anhydrase (chloride/hamburger shift) Immune system/taste/wound healing/ prostate

deficiency zinc

impaired wound healing

function of flouride

increase hardness of teeth

deficiency of flouride

dental caries

excess floride in body =

hyperflourosis

antioxidant vitamins

A, C, E

selenium

glutathione

lipoic acid

coQ10

what is the methylation cycle

simple biochemical process that occurs throughout the entire body at all times

what converts homocysteine to methionine

methionine

methionine synthase is activated by

Vitamin B12

during the methylation cycle B9 donates a methyl to

B12

vitamin can be obtained through

UV light or from food and supplementation

what is the rate limiting enzyme in vitamin D synthesis

1- alpha-hydroxylase

active form of vitamin D

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol

dietary iron exists in the form of

Fe3

Fe3+ is converted into _____ via ______ before being absorbed in the small intestine

Fe2+

vitamin C

copper converts Fe2+ back into ____ in order for iron to be absorbed in the blood

Fe3+

ferric

most active form

ferrous

most absorbable Fe2

ferritin

storage form of iron

transferrin

transfer form of iron

humans obtain energy from 3 classes of fuel molecules

proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

proteins in all living species are constructed fro, the same set of ____ AA

20

proteins are made up of

one or more chains amino acids

amino acid structure

a carboxyl group, amine group, and R group+ carbon

components of amino acids

central alpha carbon

hydrogen

carboxyl group

amine group

R group side chain

polar amino acids are

hydrophilic which means that their side chains interact strongly with water

polar amino acids

Argine

asparagine

aspartic acid

glutamine

glutamic acid

histidine

lysine

serine

threonine

non polar amino acids are

hydrophobic

non polar amino acids

alanine

cysteine

isoleucine

leucine

methionine

phenylalanine

proline

tryptophan

tyrosin

valine

essential amino acids are

amino acids that the human body cannot synthesize from metabolic intermediates

what are the essential amino acids

PVT TIM HALL

Phenylalanine

Valine

Threonine

Tryptophan

Isoleucine

Methionine

Histidine

Arginine

Leucine

Lysine

sulfur containing amino acids

cysteine, cystine, methionine

branched- chain amino acids

leucine, isoleucine, valine