Globalisation and Development: Economic, Social, and Environmental Perspectives

What are the two main types of measures used to assess development?

Economic measures and social measures

What is a composite indicator?

An indicator that uses more than one measure to assess development, such as the Human Development Index.

What does GDP stand for?

Gross Domestic Product

How is GDP calculated?

By summing the total financial value of goods and services produced in a country.

What is GNI?

Gross National Income, which measures the total money earned by people and businesses within a country.

What does PPP stand for?

Purchasing Power Parity

What does the Human Development Index (HDI) measure?

It ranks countries based on life expectancy, income, and education.

What is the range of scores for the Human Development Index?

Scores range from 0 (worst) to 1 (best).

What does the Gender Inequality Index (GII) measure?

It measures gender inequalities related to reproductive health, empowerment, and labor force participation.

What is the Environmental Performance Index (EPI)?

A measure that ranks countries based on their environmental quality and pollution levels.

What is the Gini Coefficient?

A measure of inequality in the distribution of household income.

What does a Gini Coefficient score of 0 indicate?

It indicates that everyone has the same income in a country.

What does a Gini Coefficient score of 100 indicate?

It indicates that a single person receives all of a country's income.

What major global trend has occurred since 1950 regarding income?

All continents have seen a rise in average incomes, though the poorest countries in Africa have seen slow growth.

What was the impact of the Millennium Development Goals introduced in 2000?

Absolute poverty has fallen globally.

What is a key characteristic of low-income countries since the 1970s?

Many have progressed to middle-income status.

What is the significance of the widening income inequality due to globalization?

The development gap has increased as global economic growth has outpaced population growth.

What is the purpose of using composite indices in measuring development?

To provide a more accurate picture of a country's development by combining multiple elements.

Name a source where development data can be found.

World Bank Open Data

What should you check when using development data from various sources?

Always check the year and the source, and be cautious when comparing countries that measure data differently.

What does the Lorenz curve illustrate?

The Lorenz curve shows how evenly or unevenly income is shared across a population.

What does the straight line of equality on the Lorenz curve represent?

It represents perfect equality, where 20% of people earn 20% of the income.

How is the Gini coefficient calculated?

Gini = A ÷ (A + B), where A is the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve.

What does a Gini coefficient of 0 indicate?

Perfect equality in income distribution.

What does a Gini coefficient of 1 indicate?

One person has all the income, indicating maximum inequality.

What are some examples of winners of globalisation?

Billionaires, factory workers in Asia with reliable incomes.

What are some examples of losers of globalisation?

Rural areas in Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa that remain isolated, and workers in sweatshops.

What trend has been observed in GDP per capita since 1820?

All regions have seen a rise in GDP per capita, but Africa, Asia, and Latin America have risen less than Western Europe and the USA.

What environmental issues are linked to globalisation?

Loss of habitats and biodiversity due to agricultural expansion, and depletion of groundwater sources.

What has increased awareness of environmental risks associated with globalisation?

Attempts are being made to reduce these risks through environmental management.

What factors have encouraged international migration due to globalisation?

Open borders, deregulation, and foreign direct investment (FDI).

What tensions can arise from immigration?

Strain on housing, jobs, and education services, leading to community tensions.

What is a potential consequence of rapid globalisation on local services?

Increased strain on services such as schools and healthcare due to large influxes of migrants.

What political tensions have arisen from globalisation?

Tensions between immigrants and local communities, and the rise of nationalist parties opposing immigration.

What is an example of a nationalist party that opposes immigration in Europe?

The National Rally in France.

What is one of the key features of globalisation?

International migration.

What is the impact of globalisation on economic development?

Economic development has occurred, but it has also led to growing inequalities.

What environmental impact can intensive agriculture have?

It can lead to the removal of mangrove forests, increasing flood risk.

What is the significance of the Gini coefficient in measuring income inequality?

It quantifies income inequality within a population, with higher values indicating greater inequality.

What does a more bowed Lorenz curve indicate?

Greater income inequality.

What is the relationship between globalisation and cultural diversity?

Globalisation creates culturally mixed societies but can also lead to cultural clashes.

What role does social media play in globalisation?

It facilitates communication and connection across borders, influencing migration and cultural exchange.

What has been a significant economic change in developed countries due to globalisation?

Many workers in industrial cities have lost jobs as manufacturing has relocated.

What significant event in 2004 marked a change in migration patterns in Europe?

Eight Eastern European countries became members of the European Union (EU).

What concerns did local people in the UK have regarding the influx of young migrants?

They worried that the birth rate may increase beyond the coping capacity of local schools.

What is censorship in the context of limiting globalisation?

Censorship refers to governments limiting access to online information.

How does the Chinese government control internet access?

The Chinese government censors the internet, making platforms like Facebook and Twitter unavailable.

What immigration policy does Australia use to meet its economic needs?

Australia uses a points-based system for immigration.

What was one reason behind the UK's decision to leave the EU?

Tightening restrictions on immigration.

What is trade protectionism?

Trade protectionism is the restriction of international trade to help domestic industries.

What action did the EU take in 2005 regarding Chinese textiles?

The EU banned imports of cheap Chinese textiles for a short period to protect its manufacturers.

What is resource nationalism?

Resource nationalism is when governments ensure that domestic industries and consumers have priority access to their country's resources.

What action did Hugo Chávez take regarding ExxonMobil in Venezuela?

Hugo Chávez took control of ExxonMobil operations in Venezuela.

What did Canada-based First Quantum have to do in the Democratic Republic of Congo?

They had to hand over 65% ownership of a copper mining project to the country's government.

What opposition do cultural groups in Canada have regarding resource exploitation?

The First Nations oppose the exploitation of oil resources by global companies.

What is ethical consumption?

Ethical consumption involves buying locally sourced food and commodities and avoiding products with high food miles.

What are 'transition towns'?

'Transition towns' are communities that promote local sourcing and sustainable practices.

What is one benefit of local sourcing?

Local sourcing can help reduce carbon footprints.

What is a disadvantage of local sourcing?

Local sourcing of meat and vegetables can be expensive.

What is Fairtrade?

Fairtrade is a certification scheme that guarantees higher income to farmers.

What is a challenge of the Fairtrade certification scheme?

It is impossible for all farmers in the world to join the Fairtrade scheme.

What is one ethical concern regarding TNCs (Transnational Corporations)?

Many TNCs do not ban worker exploitation in their overseas factories.

What is the role of NGOs in ethical consumption?

NGOs raise awareness of ethical issues and support fair treatment of workers.

What is the recycling process considered in the context of a circular economy?

Recycling is the first step towards achieving a circular economy.

What is the average recycling rate in the UK?

The average recycling rate in the UK is around 45%.

What campaign aims to increase recycling in the UK?

The 'Great British Spring Clean' campaign.

What is the goal of the 'Recycle Now' campaign?

To motivate people to recycle more.