sports med 1

Skull (Cranium)

The bony framework of the head that protects the brain. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💀 The entire top portion of the head.

Frontal Bone

The bone forming the anterior part of the skull (forehead). 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💀 The upper front of the head, above the eyes.

Mandible

The lower jaw bone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💀 The very bottom of the face; the jawline.

Maxilla

The upper jaw bone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💀 The middle of the face, right below the nose and holding the top teeth.

Zygoma

The cheekbone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💀 The sides of the face, right below the outer eyes.

Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💪 The top half of the arm, from the shoulder down to the elbow.

Radius

The lateral bone of the forearm. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💪 The lower arm (forearm) on the side of the THUMB.

Ulna

The medial bone of the forearm. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 💪 The lower arm (forearm) on the side of the PINKY finger.

Carpals

The 8 small bones of the wrist. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: ✋ The very base of the hand where it meets the arm.

Metacarpals

The bones of the palm of the hand. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: ✋ The middle of the hand; the flat part you use to clap.

Phalanges

The bones of the fingers and toes. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: ✋🦶 The very tips of your hands and feet.

Femur

The longest and largest bone in the human body (thigh bone). 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦵 The top half of the leg, from the hip down to the knee.

Patella

The kneecap. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦵 The hard bump resting directly on the front of the knee joint.

Tibia

The larger, medial weight-bearing bone of the lower leg (shin bone). 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦵 The front, thicker bone of the lower leg (the part that hurts when you bang it on a table).

Fibula

The slender, lateral bone of the lower leg. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦵 The outside (lateral) part of the lower leg, buried under the calf muscle.

Tarsals

The 7 bones of the ankle/midfoot. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦶 The base of the foot near the ankle and heel area.

Metatarsals

The bones of the sole of the foot. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦶 The middle length of the foot (the arch and sole).

Clavicle

The collarbone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 👤 The base of the neck, forming a horizontal ridge resting just above the chest.

Vertebrae

The bones that make up the spine. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 👤 Running straight down the middle of the back from the neck to the hips.

Sternum

The breastbone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 👤 The flat, vertical bone right in the center of the chest where the ribs connect.

Ribs

The curved bones that form the chest cage. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🩻 Wrapping around the sides of the chest area.

Pelvis

The large, bony structure near the base of the spine. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 👤 The large, bowl-shaped structure at the hips where the legs attach.

Calcaneus

The heel bone. 📍 VISUAL LOCATION: 🦶 The very back of the foot at the bottom.

Anatomical Position

Universal reference position: standing upright, facing forward, feet parallel and pointing forward, arms at sides, and palms facing forward.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) sections. Associated with abduction and adduction. Example: jumping jacks.

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into left and right sections. Associated with flexion and extension. Examples: bending the elbow, marching, nodding "yes."

Mid-Sagittal (Median) Plane

Sagittal plane passing directly through the midline, dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) sections. Associated with rotation, pronation, and supination.

Anterior (Ventral)

Toward the front or belly side of the body. Example: the umbilicus is anterior to the spine.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Toward the back or rear side of the body. Example: the shoulder blades are posterior to the collarbone.

Superior (Cranial)

Higher than or situated above another body part. Example: the eyes are superior to the mouth.

Inferior (Caudal)

Lower than or situated below another body part. Example: the knees are inferior to the hips.

Medial

Toward the midline of the body. Example: the big toe is medial to the little toe.

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body. Example: the thumb is lateral to the pinky in anatomical position.

Proximal

Closer to the point of attachment of a limb to the body. Example: the shoulder is proximal to the elbow.

Distal

Farther from the point of attachment of a limb to the body. Example: the toes are distal to the knee.

Superficial

On or close to the surface of the body. Example: the skin is superficial to the muscles.

Deep

Farther from the body's surface or more internal. Example: the heart is deep to the ribs.

Palmar

Pertaining to the palm side of the hand.

Plantar

Pertaining to the sole or bottom of the foot.

Supine

Lying flat on the back with the face up. Memory cue: "Supine on your spine."

Prone

Lying flat on the stomach with the face down.

Flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint. Example: bending your knee or elbow.

Extension

Increases the angle of a joint or straightens a joint. Example: straightening your arm.

Abduction

Movement of a limb away from the body's midline. Memory cue: "Abduct" means take away.

Adduction

Movement of a limb toward the body's midline. Memory cue: "Add" it back to the body.

Rotation

Turning a body part around a central axis. Example: turning your neck side to side.

Circumduction

Circular movement of a limb that outlines a cone. Example: making large arm circles.

Supination

Forearm rotation that turns the palm anteriorly or upward. Memory cue: holding a bowl of soup.

Pronation

Forearm rotation that turns the palm posteriorly or downward. Memory cue: pouring out the soup.

Elevation

Raising a body part superiorly. Example: shrugging your shoulders upward.

Depression

Moving a body part inferiorly or downward. Example: lowering the shoulders or jaw.

Protraction

Moving a body part forward horizontally. Example: jutting the mandible forward.

Retraction

Moving a body part backward horizontally. Example: pulling the shoulders back.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward toward the midline.

Eversion

Turning the sole of the foot outward away from the midline.

Integumentary System

The body system consisting primarily of the skin and its associated structures.

Epidermis

Outer protective layer of the skin. Provides waterproofing through keratin and pigmentation through melanin.

Dermis

Thick middle layer of skin containing blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

Inner layer made primarily of fat and connective tissue. Provides insulation, padding, and shock absorption.

How many bones are in the adult human body?

206

Five Functions of Bones

Support, mineral storage, blood cell production, protection of organs, and leverage for movement.

Hematopoiesis

Production of blood cells, primarily occurring in bone marrow.

Muscles

Structures that contract to create force and produce movement.

Tendons

Connect muscle to bone.

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone and help stabilize joints.

Axial Skeleton

Central skeleton consisting of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the upper and lower extremities and the structures that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Long Bone

Longer than it is wide, with compact bone around the shaft and spongy bone near the ends. Examples: humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula.

Short Bone

Roughly cube-shaped bones with similar length and width. Examples: carpals and tarsals.

Flat Bone

Thin, flat, often curved bones that commonly protect organs. Examples: skull bones, sternum, and ribs.

Irregular Bone

Bone with a complex shape that does not fit another category. Examples: vertebrae, mandible, and pelvic bones.

Sesamoid Bone

Small rounded bone located within a tendon. Example: patella.

Ball-and-Socket Joint

Rounded bone head fits into a cup-like cavity and permits movement in many directions. Examples: shoulder and hip.

Hinge Joint

Joint mainly permitting flexion and extension in one plane. Examples: elbow, knee, and interphalangeal joints.

Pivot Joint

Joint that permits rotational movement around an axis. Examples: atlantoaxial joint and proximal radioulnar joint.

Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joint

Oval-shaped bone fits into an elliptical cavity and permits movement in two planes. Examples: wrist and knuckles.

Saddle Joint

Joint with opposing concave and convex surfaces. Example: thumb carpometacarpal joint.

Gliding (Plane) Joint

Flat or slightly curved surfaces slide past one another. Examples: intercarpal and intertarsal joints.

Cranial Bones

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and sphenoid bones.

Facial Bones

Include the zygomatic bone, maxilla, and mandible.

Frontal Bone

Bone forming the forehead and anterior part of the skull.

Temporal Bone

Bone on the side and base of the skull near the ears.

Parietal Bone

Bone forming much of the upper and lateral skull.

Occipital Bone

Bone forming the posterior and inferior part of the skull.

Sphenoid Bone

Butterfly-shaped bone located near the middle of the skull base.

Zygoma (Zygomatic Bone)

Cheekbone.

Maxilla

Upper jaw bone.

Mandible

Lower jaw bone.

Humerus

Bone of the upper arm.

Radius

Lateral forearm bone on the thumb side in anatomical position.

Ulna

Medial forearm bone on the pinky side in anatomical position.

8 Carpals

Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Carpal Bones Mnemonic

"She Looks Too Pretty. Try To Catch Her" = Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Metacarpals

Bones forming the palm of the hand.

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes.

Femur

Thigh bone and the longest and largest bone in the human body.

Patella

Kneecap; a sesamoid bone located within a tendon.

Tibia

Larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the lower leg; commonly called the shin bone.

Fibula

Slender, lateral bone of the lower leg.