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Language
is a system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning.
developing language
is in daily use by people
of all ages.
vigorous language
is in daily use by people of all ages, but it lacks a literary tradition.
language family
a collection of languages related through a common
ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.
language branch
a collection of languages within a family related
through a common ancestral language.
language group
a collection of languages within a branch that share a
common origin in the relatively recent past.
isolated language
unrelated to any other because it
does not share a language family with any other language.
Indo-European languages
the most widespread language branch in the world.
Germanic branch of Indo-European languages
subdivided into North and West Germanic language groups. English is part of the West Germanic group.
Romance languages of Indo-European languages
developed from Latin, the language of the Roman empire. The most widely used are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian.
Nomadic Warrior theory
Kurgan peoples from what is
present-day southern Russia established military
superiority with horses and spread their languages
into Europe and South Asia.
Sedentary Farmer theory
Peoples from Anatolia, via their
agricultural innovations, spread their languages into
Europe and South Asia.
lingua franca
a language of international communication. English is a well-known lingua franca.
dialect
a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation. Ex. English in the U.S. vs English in the UK
standard language,
the dialect
considered the most acceptable in a language
isogloss
a word-use boundary with a degree of geographic extent. ex. dialect originates in southeastern England and represented a diversity of social class backgrounds.
creole, or creolized language,
a language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. ex. french creole in hati
official language
used by the government to enact legislation, publish documents, and conduct other public business.
working language
designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication.
endangered language
children are no longer learning, and its remaining speakers use it less frequently.
Ethnologue
a comprehensive online database that catalogs and documents languages around the world, providing information on their geographic distribution, number of speakers, and vitality
extinct language
a language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer in use.
Centripetal Force
a force that tends to unify people
Centrifugal Force
a force that tends to pull people apart
threatened Language
A language that is at risk of becoming extinct
Dying Language
A language that is at risk of going extinct because its speakers are dying out
Literary Tradition
A group of works that share a common pattern of thought, action, or behavior
Balto-Slavic Branch
Mostly in eastern europe
Indo-Iranian Branch
Has the most speakers if indo-european
pidgin
Simplified language used for communication between people who speak different languages
Received Pronunciation
An accet in english rearanged by many people as a standard accent
isogloss
A line of a dialect map marking the boundary between linguistic features
