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What is migration?
movement is geographical
all movement involves leaving home
cyclic, periodic, and migration
What is cyclic movement?
involves journeys that begin at home and bring people back to it
regular sequences of short moves within a local area or activity space
commuting
seasonal movement and nomadism
What is periodic movement?
involves a longer period of time away
migrant labor
transhumance
pastoral farming system where ranchers move livestock based on seasonal availability of pastures
college
military
What is migration?
permanent relocation across large distances
transnational/international
internal
immigrant: migrates into a country
emigrant: migrates out of a country
What is an example of forced migration?
the transatlantic slave trade
the largest forced migration
estimated 12 million people from Africa
10 million arrived in Americas and Caribbean
What are push factors in voluntary migration?
conditions and perceptions that help the migrant decide to leave a place (why they leave)
include consideration such as work and retirement
cost of living
security and safety
environmental catatrophes
weather and climate
What are pull factors?
attract someone to to certain locales from other places (why they choose a place)
can be vaguer and may depend solely on perceptions than experiences.
What is distance decay?
prospective migrants are more likely to have complete perceptions of nearer places.
interaction with farther places is less, so more likely to feel uncertain.
What is step migration?
migration streams consist of stages
What are intervening opportunities?
many people encounter opportunity along migration routes that keeps them away from the metropolis that caused them to move.
Great Migration
How is culture and traditions involved?
people who fear that their culture and traditions will not survive a political transition and who can migrate to a place they perceive as safer, will do so.
How does technological advances affect?
technology helps people migrate and spreading information about family, communities, and opportunities.
What are examples of national migration flows?
two of the major migrations before 1950 happened in Russia and US
Russification tried to assimilate people in the Soviet territory into the Russian culture by encouraging people to move throughout the country.
Who are guest workers?
millions of people live outside of their home country and send remittances from their jobs back home
home places are aware that citizens have visas and work abroad
many employers abuse and exploit guest workers by denying them their rights
are documented migrants who have work visas, can be short term.
Who are refugees?
The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee as “a person who has a well founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a group, or political opinion”
The United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees estimates that 83% of refugees flee in a country in the same region as their home country
What is asylum?
the right to protection in the first country where a refugee arrives
Who are internally displaced persons?
people who have been displaced in their countries and do not cross international borders.
What is repatriation?
the United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees helps refugees return to their homelands after violence and persecution decrease.