Psych of social self final

ABC triad

ABC triad

• affect: how people feel inside ( about yourself, others, and issues )

• Behavior: what people do, their actions (joining groups, helping/hurting others or working).

• Cognition: what people think what you ( think about yourself, others or problems and issues. )

Independent variable

Cause; observable event that causes person to do something

Dependent variable

Effect; observable behavior produced by the person

Internal validity

Independent variable caused change in dependent variable (study was valid).

External validity

Findings of the study generalized to other people,settings, or time-periods

What do social psychologists do?

They study inner processes including thoughts a feelings because inner processes serve interpersonal functions

Automatic system in duplex mind

• outside of consciousness

• Simple operations that are helpful

• Takes in all info from eyes and ears & organizes it.

Deliberate system in duplex mind

• consciousness

• Turns on when you wake up... Turns off when you sleep

2 main benefits of high self-esteem

-Initiative ( confidence to do the right thing and should act on best judgements, speak up more in groups.

-Self-esteem feels good (happier)

Self-awareness

Attention directed at self

Private self-awareness

Looking inward at private aspects of self (emotions, thoughts, and desires)

Public self-awareness

Looking outward at public aspects of the self ( how others see us)

Self-regulation

Self's capacity to alter its own responses (self-control).

3 steps of self-regulation

• Standards- ideas of how things should comparing how one measures up.

• monitoring- keeping track of behaviors you want to regulate

• Capacity to change - aligning behavior with standards (willpower)

2 steps to decision making

• whittle range of choices to limited few

• Carefully compare the remaining options (pro/ con)

Schema

Info about a concept, its attributes, and its relationships to other concepts

Scripts

Schemas about certain events (ordering at restaurant)

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events

Representative heuristics

Judge frequency of likelihood of an event by how much it resembles the current one

Availability heuristics

Judge likelihood by ease with which relevant instances come to mind.

Simulation heuristic

Judge likelihood by ease with which you can imagine it.

Anchoring and adjustment heuristic

Judge likelihood by using a starting point and adjusting from that point.

Benefits of positive emotions

• appears to solve problems of personal growth (broaden-and-build)

• Good mood helps flexibility and creativity

• Better performances/more motivated

• Avoid risks if in good mood.

How to increase happiness?

-Focused attention on positive things ( forgiving others, gratitude, optimism)

Social learning

• learn acceptable attitudes through observation of others being rewarded

• Vicarious learning

2 types of social influence

•Informational influence -provides private acceptance

• normative influence- produces public compliance

Foot-in-the-door technique

Start with small request to gain eventual compliance with larger request

Low-ball tennique

Start with low-cost request & later reveal the hidden costs.

Balt-and-switch technique

Draw people in w/ an attractive offer that is not available or is limited and then switch to a less attractive offer that is available.

Labeling technique

Assigning a label to an individual and then making a request consistent with that label

What is prosocial behavior?

• doing something good for someone or for society; builds relationships and allows society to function

Forgiveness

• ceasing to feel anger toward or seek retribution against someone who has wronged you

• benefits:Better mental And physical health

• Downside: possible invitation to offend again

Displaced aggression

Any behavior that intentionally harms a substitute target rather than the cause.

Direct aggression

Any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically present.

Indirect aggression

Any behavior that intentionally harms another person who is physically absent

Belongingness

-Belongingness. is a basic need

• Desire to form, maintain close lasting relationships

Exchange relationships

Based on reciprocity and fairness / each person does something for the other mainly in expectation of getting something in return

Communal relationships

Based on mutual love and concern

Benefits and loss of diversity in groups

• Positives- can be more creative a flexible

And a better chance of bringing In different info

• Negatives - can be harder to cooperate and work together

Deindividuation

Loss of self-awareness and of individual accountability in a group

Factors that encourage group think

• Fairly similar and cohesive group to start

• Strong, distinctive leader

• Group is isolated in some sense from others

• Group regards itself as superior

Characteristics of good leaders

• Decisive, competent, honest, good moral character, and possess a vision.

• Have vision

Characteristics of toxic leadership

Indifference towards those suffering, intolerance of criticism, and grandiose sense of entitlement