Module 7: Releasing Energy From Food

Digestive system

Digestive system

The organs that break down and absorb food into the bloodstream so that it can be used by the body

Respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

Circulatory system

system that provides a flow of nutrients throughout the body

cell respiration

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP

cell respiration equation

C6H1206 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + 36ATP

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration

inner membrane

location of ETC

outer membrane

impermeable to glucose

intermembrane space

where H+ ions are actively transported by the ETC

cristae

folds of the inner membrane that increase the surface area

matrix

location of the Krebs cycle

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) a main energy source that cells use for most of their work

NADH

electron carrier

the reduced form of NAD+

FADH2

electron carrier

the reduced form of FAD

pyruvate

three-carbon end product of glycolysis

anaerobic

does not require oxygen

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing 2 net ATP, 2 NADH and pyruvic acid.

citric acid cycle

completes breakdown of glucose

acetyl-CoA

molecule that brings acetate to the Krebs cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

use of ATP synthase and energy derived from a proton (H+) gradient to make ATP

ETC

Electron Transport Chain

ATP synthase

a cluster of proteins that span the cell membrane and allow hydrogen ions to pass through it to make ATP

cytochrome

An iron-containing pigment present in the electron transport chain of all aerobes

chemiosmosis

process by which ATP is made using the energy released as protons move across a memrbrane

rotenone

ETC blocker that is used as a pesticide

cyanide

ETC blocker that is a poisonous pill or powder, CN

carbon monoxide

ETC blocker that is formed as a byproduct of combustion engines, CO

oligomycin

ATP synthase blockers that are used as an antifungal medication

DNP

uncoupler that creates excess heat instead of ATP

location of glycerol into the metabolic pathway

converted to PGAL and enters glycolysis

location of fatty acids into the metabolic pathway

converted to acetate and enters the prep step of the Krebs cycle

location of proteins into the metabolic pathway

converted into acetatem, pyruvate, OAA or ketoglutarate or citrate and then enter the Krebs cycle or pyruvate oxidation

obligate aerobe

need oxygen to survive

obligate anaerobe

poisoned by oxygen

facultative aerobe

switch processes based on amount of oxygen present

fermentation

the breakdown of food without the use of oxygen

purpose of fermentation

to regenerate NAD+ for glycolysis

animal fermenation byproduct

lactic acid

yeast fermentation byproduct

ethanol

bacteria fermentation byproduct

acetic acid

pasteurization

the application of a gentle heat for a short time, kills bacteria to sterilize milk, and other beverages

leptin

a hormone that decreases appetite