CFI Oral

What is Learning?

Learning can be defined as a change in Behavior as a result of experience

How many basic characteristics of learning are there?

PEMA

There are 4 basic characteristics, they are

Purposeful

Result of an experience

Multifaceted

Active Process

What is "learning is Purposeful"?

Each student is a unique individual whose past experience affects readiness to learn and understanding the requirements involved.

What is "Learning a a result of experience"?

Learning is an individual process from an individual experience. Knowledge cannot be poured into the student's head.

What is "Learning is Multifaceted"?

It may involve verbal, conceptual, perceptual, or emotional elements, and elements of problem-solving all taking place at the same time.

What is "Learning is an active process?"

For students to learn, they must react and respond.

What are the principles of learning?

REEPIR

Readiness

Exercise

Effect

Primacy

Intensity

Recency

What is the law of readiness?

individuals learn best when they are ready to learn and they do not learn well when they see no strong purpose or objective.need to have clear objective

What is the law of exercise?

Those things most often repeated are best remembered

What is the law effect?

Learning is strengthened when accompanied with a pleasant or satisfying feeling but weakened with something unpleasant

What is the law of primacy?

The first impression (this si why we students must be taught right the first time). The state of being first, creates an almost unshakable impression. Teach it right the first time.

What is the law of intensity?

Exciting, teaches more than just the usual experience

What is the law of recency?

The things most recently learned are best remembered.

What is the basis of all learning?

All learning comes form perceptions that are directed to the brain from the 5 senses.

How do people learn?

PIM

Perception, Insight, Motivation

What is perception?

Initially all learning comes form he 5 senses

What is insight?

The grouping of perceptions

What is motivation?

promise of obtaining goals, a positive experience

What are the 4 basic levels of learning?

RUAC

Rote

Understanding

Application

Correlation

What is Rote learning?

Lowest level, The ability to repeat back something that was said without understanding

What is understanding?

understanding what has been taught

What is application?

the ability to apply what has been leaned

What is correlation?

putting something that has been previously leaned together with something you just learned

State several skills used in learning?

Physical

Desire

Patterns

Perform

Knowledge of the results

Progress follows a pattern

Duration and organization of a lesson

Evaluations vs. critique

Application

What do individuals forget what they have learned?

DIR

Disuse

Interference

Repression

What actions can you take to help a student remember that they have learned?

Praise

Recall through association

Favorable attitudes

Learning with all senses

meaningful repetition

What are the 5 basic

?

PS-BECS

Physiological- biological needs like food, air , water

Security- if a student doesn't feel safe they cannot concentrate on learning

Belonging- student need to feel like they belong in the aviation atmosphere.

Esteem- self esteem needs to be met, need for stable, high level of self respect and respect form others

Cognitive/Aesthetic- understand what is going on around them so they can better control the situation. Needs connect directly with human emotions.

Self Actualization- do what they were born to do. achieve their potential in aviation.

What are defense mechanisms?

8 DR FDR CPR

behavior patterns that subconsciously defend a person from unpleasant situations.

Denial

Repression

Fantasy

Displacement

Rationalization

Compensation

Projection

Reaction Formation

What is compensation?

Disguising weak or undesirable qualities by emphasizing a more positive one.

"i am so good at slow flight i don't need to practice landings"

What is projection?

When a student places the blame on another person for their poor performance.

"i failed because i had a bad check ride examiner"

What is rationalization?

Justifying unacceptable actions with excuses or reasons.

"theres always an excuse"

What is denial?

Ignoring or refusing to acknowledge reality.

"i didn't leave the oil cap off, it must have been the mechanic"

What is reaction formation?

The "who cares what other people think" attitude to cover up unacceptable behavior.

student fakes a belief opposite ti the true belief

"I dont care my landings are bad"

What is fantasy?

engages in daydreaming

"student thinks there two days out from soloing and in reality there 2 weeks out"

What is repression?

placing uncomfortable thoughts into inaccessible areas if the unconscious mind

What is displacement?

transferring emotions to someone else, something else

"you the instructor can cause this or you the instructor can get the brunt of this"

What are the three basic elements of communication?

SSR

Source (instructor)

Symbol (words or signs)

Reciever (student)

What are the 4 barriers to communication?

COIL

Confusion between the symbol and the symbolized object- when a word is confused with what it is meant to represent

Overuse of abstractions- words that are general rather than specific

interference- some sort of interference, psychological fear of a situation, hearing loss, injury, illness, environment

Lack of common experience; between instructor and student. Greatest single barrier to effective communication

Why is good questioning by the instructor a good tool to determine effective communication?

It will determine how well the student understands the lesson.

What are the 4 basic steps involved in the teaching process?

Prepare

Presentation

Application

Evaluation

What should the instructor prepare for a lesson?

Lesson objectives

Procedure or facilities to be used

Specific goals

The means for review or evaluation

What are the elements of performance based objectives?

Description of the skill

Conditions by which the skill is demonstrated

The criteria for accomplishment

What are the three most common methods of presentation?

Lecture

Demonstration/Performance

Guided Discussion

What three main steps are involved when organizing the materials for a lesson?

Introduction

Development

Conclusion

What are the basic elements of the introduction step?

Attention: Gain the student's attention

Motivation: Lesson should appeal to the student's desire to learn

Overview: tell the student what is to be covered, have clear objectives, provide a road map.

What is the development step of a presentation?

The subject matter is developed in manner that logically helps the student achieve the desired objectives.

What is the conclusion step of a presentation?

The important elements are recapped and it reinforces the the student's learning.

What are the 5 most common teaching methods?

Lecture

Guided method

Demonstration/Performance

Cooperative/group method

Computer-based learning (CBT)

What is the lecture method?

The instructor speaks to the student to introduce new subjects, summarize ideas, show relationships between theory and practice, re-emphasize main points.

What is cooperative or group learning?

Students are organized into small groups which helps them maximize their learning by requiring active participation.

What is the guided discussion method?

The instructor and student have a conversation about the subject by allowing the student to express experiences, opinions, ideas, and information. Usually start with lead-off questions.

What are the different types of guided discussion questions?

Overhead: directed at an entire group, stimulates thought and response.

Rhetorical: The instructor asks and then answers the question.

Direct: asked ot a single student

Reverse: Student's question is redirected back to them to answer.

Relay: Student's question is answered by the group

What is the demonstration/performance method?

Learn by doing

What are the 5 phases of demonstration/performance?

Explain

Demonstrate

Student performs

Instuctor supervises

Evaluate

What is computer based training?

E-learning

The use of a personal computer as a training device which allows the student to progress at their own pace.

What are the limitations of CBT?

Improper or excessive use or the reliance on it as the only method of training.

What is scenario based training?

The use of highly structured scenarios base don real world examples.

What is the purpose of a critique?

It should improve performance and provide the student something constructive to work on.

What are the characteristics of an effective assessment?

Objective: focused on performance

Flexible: Fit the critique t match the student

Acceptable: Students must accept the instructor first.

Comprehension: Only cover a few major or minor points

Constructive: Provide positive guidance for correcting weaknesses

Well organized

Thoughtful: Geared towards the students need of self-esteem

Specific: Do make the comments too general or vague

Name several useful methods for critiquing a student's performance:

Instructor/Student: lead a class discussion and invite members to criticize performance.

Student-led

Small group: Class is divided and assigned specific areas to critique

Individual student critique by another student

Self critique

Written critique

What are the ground rules for critiquing?

Do not exceed the allotted time of the critique

Avoid covering too much

Allow time for a summary

Avoid dogmatic or absolute statements

avoid controversies by taking sides

Never allow yourself to be on the defense

Be consistent

What type of oral questions should be avoided?

Puzzle: many parts and pieces

Oversize: too general

Toss Up: more than 1 correct answer

Bewildered: Not clear on content

Trick

Irrelevant: questions unrelated to the subject

What are the 6 characteristics of a good written test?

Reliability: Consistent results

Validity: measures what should be measured

Usability: easy to understand and grade

Comprehensiveness: it must sample what is measured

Discrimination: It will detect small differences

Objectivity: grade the same regardless who is grading it

Instructor Responsibilities and Professionalism

What are the 4 main responsibilities for aviation instructors?

Help students learn

Provide adequate instruction

Demand adequate standards

Emphasizing the positive

How can an instructor provide a more positive/efficient learning experience?

Devise a plan of action

Create a positive relationship

Present info and guidance effectively

Transfer responsibility to the student as learning occurs

Evaluate student learning

What are examples of additional responsibilities a flight instructor may have?

Evaluation of student ability

Pilot supervision

PTS recommendations

Endorsements

Additional training

Pilot proficiency

Responsibility to see and avoid

Pre solo slight thought process

What personal characteristics a CFI should have?

Sincerity: straight forward and honest

Student acceptance: should accept them for who they are

Personal appearance/habits: neat,clean,appropriate dress

Demeanor: calm, thoughtful, disciplined

Safety and accident prevention

Proper language

Self-improvement: always alert to new ways to improve

Describe several methods to minimize student frustration?

Keep student motivated

Keep student informed

Approach as individuals

Give credit when due

Criticize constructively

Be consistent

Admit errors

What is professionalism?

Exists when a service is performed for someone for a common good

Achieved after extended training and preparation

Performance is based on study and research

Requires good judgement decisions

Actions cannot be limited to standard practices

Demands a code of ethics

Describe the "Telling-and-doing" method.

It is a variation of the demonstration-performance method and has the same steps except for preparation.

What are the 5 steps to telling-doing method?

Preparation

Instructor tells/Instructor does

Student tells/Instructor does

Student tells/student does

Student does/Instructor evaluates

What are some obstacles to learning that a student may face?

Feeling of unfair treatment

Impatience

Worry or lack of interest

Physical discomfort, illness, and fatigue

Apathy

Anxiety

What is the purpose of using distractions during flight training?

To determine if the student can divide attention while maintaining a degree of aircraft control for safe flight

What are the two primary methods for checklist usage?

Read and Do

Do and verify (flow)

Curriculum

A set of courses in an area of specialization by an educational institution

Training syllabus

A summary or outline of a course of study

Training course outline

Within a curriculum and it contains the objectives, description of teaching aids, evaluation criteria, and desired outcome

How are the objectives and standards developed for a training course?

They are typically based off of eligibility, knowledge, proficiency, and experience requirements.

Why is it so important to develop and assemble learn blocks in their proper relationship?

Each block allows the student to progressively combine the segments and move toward the overall objective.

What should each lesson of a training syllabus include?

Objective

Content

Completion standards

Would it be acceptable for an instructor to depart from the order of a training syllabus?

Yes, because the instructor needs to be flexible and it the syllabus should primarily be used as a guide

What is a lesson plan?

An organized outline for a single instructional period.

What is the purpose of a lesson plan?

They are designed to ensure that the student receives the best possible instruction under the existing conditions.

What are the characteristics of a good lesson plan?

Unity: each lesson should be a unified segment of instruction.

Content: Contain new material and a short review

Scope: The scope should be reasonable

Practicality: Planned in terms of conditions of the current training

Flexibility

Relation to course of training: each lesson should be taught so that it's clear where how it relates to course objectives.

Instructional steps: each lesson falls in the 4 steps of the teaching process

Flight instructor Responsibilities

Aviation Security

What does the TSA require a flight instructor to do before training a US student? Foreign student?

US: Verify they are a citizen or national

Foreign: Submit background information and a receive a clearance form the TSA

Who is required to complete security awareness training?

A certificated flight or ground instructor certificated under part 61, 141, 142

Chief instructor

Employees of flight schools

When must initial security awareness training be completed?

Within 60 days of hire date

How often must security awareness training be accomplished?

Every 12 months

General

What is 14 CFR Part 61?

It prescribes the requirements for issuing a pilot, flight instructor, and ground instructor certificate. Includes ratings, conditions, privileges, and limitations

What are the various certificates under part 61?

Pilot certificates i.e.: student, sport, recreation, private, commercial, ATP

Flight instructor

Ground Instructor

What are the various ratings that can be placed on a pilot certificate?

Aircraft category: airplane, rotor, glider, etc

Airplane class: single, multi, land, sea

Rotorcraft class

Lighter than air

Weight shift

Powered parachute

Type ratings

Instrument

Wha flight instructor ratings cane placed on a cert?

Category

Class

Rotor

Instrument

How long will a temp flight certificate be valid?

120 days

What is the duration of a flight instructor cert?

24 calendar months

What are the required medical certificates for various pilots?

First class: ATP

Second class: commercial pilot

Third class: private, rec, student, or flight instructor

Give examples of operations that do not require a medical certificate?

Flight instructor who is not PIC

Ground instructor

Examiner or check airman during the exam

When taking a test or check for a cert or rating in a flight sim

If a medical, airman, or knowledge test is lost or destroyed, What procedure should e followed?

File an application for replacement report with DOT, FAA

A facsimile can be obtained confirming the re-issue and carried for 60 days