Chemistry come Alive Chapter 2

Matter:

anything that occupies space and has mass.

Energy:

the capacity to do the work

Element:

unique substance that cannot be broken down into simple substance

Atom:

smallest particles of an element that retain characteristics of that element.

atomic symbol

Is a number of the top of the element to show the atomic number

Atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Atomic mass

Number of protons, neutros and electrons

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Bond

The attraction between two or more atoms that allow them to form a stable chemical compound.

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.

Cation

positive ion

Anion

negative ion

Electrolyte

A substance that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts electric current

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances, substance present in greatest amount

Solute

A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

Solubility

The ability to dissolve in another substance

Mixture

material composed of two or more elements or compounds that are physically mixed together but not chemically combined

Solutions

homogeneous mixtures of two or more pure substances

hydrophillic molecules

Water loving, capable to interact with water

Hydrophobic

Hate water, do not mix with water

Amphipathic

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Neutral

pH of 7

Monomer

A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers

Polymer

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together.

Macromolecule

a molecule containing a very large number of atoms, such as a protein, nucleic acid, or synthetic polymer.

Peptide Bond

Bonds that connect amino acids.

molecular formulas

give the exact number of atoms of each element in a compound

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

polar

Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water, have both positive and negative side +/_ or -/+

Non-polar

equal sharing of electrons Have a positive or negative side -/_ or +/+, they don't dissolve in water like fats, petrol oíl, and gasoline.

Hydrogen bonds

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

Ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Explain the polar nature of water and its importance as a solvent

Water molecules have a polar arrangement of oxygen and hydrogen atoms—one side (hydrogen) has a positive electrical charge and the other side (oxygen) had a negative charge. This allows the water molecule to become attracted to many other different types of molecules.

Major chemical of the body

Oxygen(O) /hydrophobic

Carbon (C) /hydrophobic

Hydrogen (H) /hydrophilic

Nitrogen(N) /hydrophobic

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

Normal pH value

7.35-7.45

Dehydration

Remove water to from bond

Hydrolysis

Add water to brake bond

The role of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions

Dehydration synthesis reactions build molecules up and generally require energy, while hydrolysis reactions break molecules down and generally release energy

Enzyme

Globular proteins that act as biological catalyst and work by lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Denaturation

loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor

Solid

A form of matter that has a definite shape and volume

Liquid

A state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume.

Gas

A state of matter with no definite shape or volume

The 3 basic states of matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Two basic states of energy

Kinetic energy

Potencial energy

Kinetic energy

energy due to motion

Potencial energy

stored energy

Oxygen

extremely chemically reactive, so it is bound up in all kinds of materials

Carbon

is the basic building block required to form proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Hydrogen

is present in all bodily fluids, allowing the toxins and waste to be transported and eliminated

Nitrogen

It is required for nucleotide synthesis in the cell. Also, nitrogen is a principal compound in amino acids and helps in protein synthesis. Nitrogen is required for the proper digestion of food and the growth of the human body.

Structure of an atom

Nucleus holds protons and neutrons, and electrons orbit the nucleus

The difference of isotope atoms

They have a different number of neutrons.

Describe the relationship between the number and position of electrons and chemical reactivity

The number of electrons in the outermost shell of a particular atom determines its reactivity, or tendency to form chemical bonds with other atoms.boding behavior.

Carbohydrates formula

C6H12O6 (CH2O)

Amino acids formula

R-CH(NH2)-COOH

Polymers

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Ex. Proteins (polymers of amino acids) Carbohydrates (polymers of sugars)Lipids (polymers of lipid monomers) Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA; polymers of nucleotides)

Monomers

small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers

Ex. Sugars, proteins, amino acids

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods; broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen., use as storage energy

Proteins

Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Nucleic acids

macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus, are the largest molecules in the body

structure of proteins: Primary

amino acids linked together to form a polypeptide chain.

Structure of proteins: Second

Weak hydrogen bond from between neighboring (close to one another).

Structure of proteins:(Thertiary)

Attraction to distant amino acids, produces bend and fold and created a 3d shape

Structure of proteins (Quaternary)

Multiples polypeptide chains covalentes bonded together

Why protein structure is related to function

Because amino acid sequence determines protein structure and structure dictates biochemical function, proteins that share a similar amino acid sequence usually perform similar biochemical functions, even when they are found in distantly related organisms.

Name two different types of nucleic acid

DNA

RNA

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

special molecule that contains the genetic material of the organism.

RNA(Ribonucleic acid)

single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose

Describe the nucleic acid structure

Nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds (double stranded molecules)

Cytosine-guanine pair together

Thymine-adenine parit together

These two chains of DNA twisted (form double helix)

Importance of hydrogen boding in proteins and nucleic acids.

the hydrogen bond provide most of the directional interactions that underpin protein folding, protein structure and molecular recognition.

Hydrogen bond forces the attraction that hold the two strands of DNA.

Enzyme

a substance produced by a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction. In cell the speed up the chemical reactions.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

main energy source that cells use for most of their work