Skeletal System: Bone Tissues PPTX - fill in the blanks flashcards

The skeletal system consists of _________, cartilage, ligaments, and other connective tissues.

bones

Bones serve as levers for movement through _________ action.

muscle

Hematopoiesis is the production of _________ cells inside bones.

blood

The axial skeleton consists of _________ bones.

80

The appendicular skeleton consists of _________ bones, including those of the limbs and girdles.

126

Hyaline cartilage is the most _________ type of cartilage found in the skeletal system.

abundant

Fibrocartilage provides great _________ strength to resist compression.

tensile

Compact bone appears _________ and solid.

smooth

Spongy bone is composed of a network called _________ that provides structural support.

trabeculae

The epiphyseal plate is responsible for _________ growth in long bones.

lengthwise

Osteoblasts are responsible for producing the _________ matrix.

bony

Osteocytes maintain bone matrix and act as _________ sensors.

stress

Osteoclasts remove and _________ bone during remodeling.

remodel

The periosteum is a double-layered _________ covering the external surfaces of bones.

membrane

The endosteum is a delicate connective tissue membrane covering the _________ bone surface.

internal

Calcium phosphate is an important _________ component of bone tissue.

inorganic

Bone matrix is chemically digested by _________ enzymes from lysosomes.

proteolytic

Endochondral ossification involves replacing _________ cartilage with bone.

hyaline

During bone development, mesenchymal cells transition to become __________.

osteoblasts

The growth plate consists of five zones, including resting, proliferation, _________, calcification, and ossification zones.

hypertrophic

Appositional growth allows bones to grow in _________.

width

Hormones like growth hormone and _________ hormone regulate bone growth.

thyroid

High blood calcium levels prompt the secretion of _________ from the thyroid gland.

calcitonin

Excess PTH stimulates _________ to resorb bone and release calcium into the bloodstream.

osteoclasts

The _________ center is where bone begins to form in endochondral ossification.

primary ossification

Bone remodeling units consist of osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinating their _________.

activities

Fractures from trauma are most common in _________ age groups.

youth

A stress fracture is a thin break caused by increased physical _________.

activity

A simple fracture is defined as a broken bone that does not _________ the skin.

penetrate

In bony callus formation, _________ produce new trabeculae in cartilage.

osteoblasts

The first stage of fracture repair is called _________ formation, involving blood clotting.

hematoma

During the fibrocartilaginous callus formation, _________ cells help clear debris.

phagocytic

The epiphyseal line is the remnant of the _________ plate after growth has ceased.

epiphyseal

Calcium levels are tightly regulated by hormones because they play roles in nerve _________ and muscle contraction.

transmission

Hypocalcemia leads to _________ in neuromuscular excitability.

hyperexcitability

The primary ossification center is typically located in the __________ of long bones.

center of diaphysis

Bone growth in width is referred to as _________ growth.

appositional

Mechanical stress can stimulate _________ by signaling osteocytes to increase activity.

bone deposition

Reducing calcium in the diet requires an increased intake of _________ for absorption.

vitamin D

Osteogenic cells can become osteoblasts or remain as _________ cells in the periosteum and endosteum.

stem

The central canal of an osteon contains _________ and nerve fibers.

blood vessels

Calcification in bone development primarily occurs due to _________ binding to collagen.

calcium phosphate

In the ossification zone, chondrocytes deteriorate to leave behind _________ cartilage.

calcified

Osteocytes communicate information about bone stress through _________ connected by canaliculi.

cell projections

The transition from fetal hyaline cartilage to bone tissue requires the _________ of cartilage.

breakdown

During bone remodeling, osteoclasts phagocytize the ________ matrix.

dead osteocyte

Spongy bone is characterized by the absence of _________; instead, it has trabeculae.

osteons

Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting _________.

osteoclasts

Bone healing stages include hematoma formation, callus formation, and __________ formation.

bony callus

Osteoblasts secrete a substance called _________, which is unmineralized bone matrix.

osteoid

Bony remodeling helps to repair existing bone and _________ the structure.

maintain

The process where necrotic or damaged tissues are cleared up in a fracture is termed _________.

phagocytosis

Callus formation occurs in the fracture repair process during the _________ process.

fibrocartilaginous

The osteon (Haversian system) is the structural unit of _________ bone.

compact

Collagen fibers arranged in different directions in lamellae help compact bone resist _________.

twisting

Sustained hypercalcemia can lead to deposits of calcium salts in _________ or kidneys, resulting in complications.

blood vessels

Mineralization of bone matrix mainly occurs through the action of _________ cells.

osteoblasts

Bone is made of both organic components including osteoid and _________ components like calcium phosphate.

inorganic

The periosteum contains sharp __________ fibers that anchor blood vessels and nerves to the bone matrix.

Sharpey's

The _________ zone of the epiphyseal plate is where chondrocytes are actively dividing.

proliferation

The ossification center forms within the _________ and starts laying down bone.

fibrous membrane

Stress fractures typically occur due to overuse and _________.

repeated impact

Calcium metabolism is crucial for normal function of the cardiovascular and _________ systems.

muscular

Resting cartilage zone contains chondrocytes that are relatively _________.

inactive

Fractures caused by disease are termed _________ fractures.

pathologic

During chondrocyte hypertrophy, the size of lacunae _________.

increases

The _________ cell type in the bone is responsible for maintaining mineral homeostasis.

osteocyte

Chondrocytes dying in the calcification zone lead to bone _________.

formation

Direction of collagen fibers impacts the bone’s resistance to _________.

stress

Resorption bays are depressions where osteoclasts carry out bone _________.

resorption

Transitional processes in the ossification sequence lead to the replacement of cartilage with _________.

bone tissue

Long bones will only grow longer until _________ plate closure occurs.

epiphyseal

Phagocytosis occurs in the fracture repair to clear out _________ tissue.

necrotic

Osteocytes help regulate bone activity through signals affecting _________ and osteoclasts.

osteoblasts

Bone growth and remodeling are influenced by __________ factors like exercise and nutrition.

environmental

In summary, bone is a dynamic organ, constantly undergoing a process known as _________.

remodeling