Science chapter 2 Biology

What is the cell without a nucleus?

prokaryotic cell

Are plant and animal cells considered a eukaryotic or a prokaryotic cell?

They are eukaryotic cells

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells simpler than other types of cells?

fewer internal structures

What are prokaryotic cells internal parts not surrounded by?

Not surrounded by a membrane

What does "eu" mean?

Proper

What is the definition of "eukaryotic?"

proper nucleus

How much larger is a eukaryotic cell compared to a prokaryotic cell?

10x as large and more complex

What is a compound light in a microscope?

A compound light microscope consists of 2 lenses and uses light to view object

What is a resolving power in a microscope?

How well the microscope can focus on two objects that are closed together

What is Magnification power in a microscope?

How much the microscope can make it seem bigger

What is the image in a microscope?

What you observe through the microscope

What are the three things an "image" is when looking through a microscope?

Magnified, inverted, and reversed.

How much magnification power does an eye piece have?

10x

What are the three different magnification powers?

4x, 10x, and 40x

What is the "equation" of the total magnification of lens combined?

power of objective lens x power of eyepiece lens = total magnification lens combined

What is the use of chloroplasts in a plant cell?

Capture light energy from the sun and convert to chemical energy for plant.

What is photosynthesis?

A chemical reaction in plant cells that converts suns light energy into chemical energy (sugar) that organisms can use.

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

CO2 + H20 - C6 H12 O6

After photosynthesis what is released into the air?

Oxygen (a waste by - product)

Where does cellular respiration take place?

mitochondria

What is cellular respiration?

Process that converts sugar and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water

What is released during the process of cellular respiration?

Energy is released and used to carry out life processes

What is the chemical equation for respiration?

C6 H12 O6 + O2 - CO2 + H2O

What does the size of a microbe?

Anything smaller than 1mm

Why do we need microbes?

Because microbes decomposts, nitrogen fixers, and phytoplankton

Why are the phytoplanktons important?

To ocean and freshwater ecosystems, main producers in oceans and lakes.

What are decomposts?

Breaks down dead or waste material and returns nutrients to soil, then plants use nutrients to survive and carry out life processes

What are nitrogen fixers?

Nitrogen is a nutrient that plants and other organisms need. Nitrogen fixers convert the nitrogen in air to a useable form.

How do microbes have both a positive and negative impact on humans?

Food and infrastructure. Bacteria and microbes such as mold can cause food poisoning which can lead to vomiting, diarrhea, and fever

Digestion. Bacteria in your intestine keep you healthy and help with digestion.

how many characteristics of living things are there?

7

What are the 7 characteristics of life?

All living things are made up of cells

Living things take in nutrients

Living things require energy

Living things require energy for life processes

Living things produce waste that are harmful if they are not removed

Living things respond to stimuli

Living things grow in size or in the number of their cells

Living things reproduce

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. All living things are made of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of life (structure and function)

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

The cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell and also protects and supports the cell.

What is the cytoplasm in a cell?

Cytoplasm is a watery jelly like fluid in which internal organs float.

What is the nucleus in a cell? What is another term for nucleus?

Nucleus is called the "control center" of a cell. It controls all of the activities within the cell.

What does the nucleus contain?

DNA which is hereditary information.

What is the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) in a cell?

A large dynamic structure that has multiple functions. It is particularly important for synthesis (making) and folding proteins.

What are the two types of ER?

rough and smooth

What is the golgi apparatus sin a cell?

Modifies all proteins (made by ribosomes), prepares and packages them in vesicles to be moved to the destination where they will be used.

What are the vesicles in a cell?

Small sacs that transport materials and sometimes help materials enter and leave the cell.

What is the vacuole in a cell?

Balloon like spaces in the cytoplasm that store waste, food, and substances the cell cannot use right away.

What is the vacuole like in an animal cell compared to a plant cell?

Vacuole in an animal cell is much smaller but more numerous than the vacuoles in an plant cell.

What is a term for the mitochondria?

The "power house" of a cell

What is the mitochondria in a cell?

It is a bean shaped structure that realeases energy from food molecules to power cell processes.

What are the lysosomes in a cell?

Spherical organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Stores and provide nutrients to the cell. Degrade material taken from outside the cell and digests old (worn out) cell organelles.

What are the 2 structures only plant cells have?

Cell wall and Chloroplasts

What is the cell wall in a plant cell?

Tough, providing protection and structure for the plant cell. Gives the plant cell its rectangular shape. There are small holes called pores that allow gasses, water and some minerals to go through the cell wall.

What are the chloroplasts in a cell?

Chloroplasts contain a green chemical called chlorophyll. Where plants capture energy from the sun to produce their own food through photosynthesis.

What are the 2 structures mostly animal cells have?

Flagellum and Cilia

What is the flagellum in an animal cell?

Hair-like tail that helps the cell move

What is the cilia in an animal cell?

Tiny flagellum that work together for movement or to move contents across the surface of the cell.

What is the shape of the plant cell? why is it like this?

The plant cell does not have a cell wall, which is why it has a circular shape.

How does a virus reproduce?

Through a host cell

How could a virus be considered living and not living?

Living: Reproduces through a host cell.

Not living: Cannot take in nutrients, use energy, or produce waste.

How long could a virus be dormant (inactive) before entering a host cell?

hours, days, or months

What is the virus "life cycle?"

1: attaches to a specific host cell

2: the virus's hereditary material enters the host cell.

3: the virus's hereditary material causes the cell to make viral hereditary material and protein

4: new viruses form inside the host cell

5: new viruses are realeased as the host cell burts open and is destroyed.

What is the purpose of the immune system?

Defends ua against pathogens and infection

How many lines of defence does the immune system have?

three lines of defence

What is the first line of defence?

skin, linings of internal body systems (hair in nose, cilia in throat), and contents and linings of the digestive system

What is the second line of defence?

White blood cells surround and kill pathogens that get by first line of defence.

What do WBC do when inflammation causes a part of your body to be red or swollen?

WBCs are moving into the area and killing pathogens

Why do some WBC release chemicals?

These chemicals make it easier for other WBCs to kill pathogens

What is the third line of defence?

Specialised WBCs that kill specific pathogens

This is called the acquired immune response because you acquire it over time

Which lines of defence are specific and non specific?

First: Not specific

Second: Not specific

Third: Specific

What are the innate and acquired immune response?

innate immunity is what you are born with

Acquired is what you get overtime and get sick more

what is a vaccine?

Substance that causes a response in the body that protects it against a specific disease.

What are the three ways a someone can take a vaccine?

Injected, taken orally, or through the nose.

What is an iron ring clamp + clamp?

can be used along side funnel to hold

Clap: attaches to a lab stamp and used to hold a variety of lab equipment

What is a hot plate / bunsen burner?

Heating flat surface evenly

What is a test tube + bottle stop?

To hold a small amount of solution or substance or to heat up small amount of substances

What is an Erlenmeyer flask?

could be in different sizes, a narrow mouth container used to heat or store substances and is also good for stirring

What is a beaker?

Transferring or collecting, a wide-mouthed container used to transport, head or store substances

What is a graduated cylinder?

Gives exact measurements, used to measure volume precisely.

What is a well plate?

Can place small drops for testing , ideal for small scaled reactions

What is a test tube rack?

It holds test tubes

What is a scoopula?

Scoop and pick up solids, used to scoop solid chemical

What is a wire brush?

Used to clean test tubes

When should you use a stir rod?

when missing materials pick a stir rod over iron

what is a funnel/ring stand?

Used to hold onto other equipment

Ring stand: Used to hold a variety of equipment

Funnel: used to pour liquid into containers with small openings or to hold filter paper

How should you always hold glassware?

Use gloves, tongs, and enough support. Be careful using glass

Which has the greatest accuracy and why? Graduated cylinder, beaker, or Erlenmeyer flask?

Graduated cylinder because of their design and markings of numbers

How much are you supposed to fill a test tube?

No more then 2/3 full, if more spills are likely to happpen

When to use a beaker?

heat/share/transport

When to use a Erlenmeyer flask?

reaction/swirling

What are the three variables while conducting an experiment and their description?

Independent variables: Change: things we change in the experiment

Dependent variables: Measurement: things we measure in an experiment

Constant variable(s): stays the same: things that don’t change while conducting an experiment

What is the definition of a science graph?

They show specific data. If one variables is known the other can be determined.

They show cause and effect in data clearly. They visibly show how one variable is affected bu the other as it increases or decreases.

They allow the viewer to make predictions within recorded data and to make predictions about data not yet recorded

what are the three parts of a graph? and give a small description per each part.

Title: Summarizes information being represented in any graph

Independent: The variable that is controlled by the experiment. This is placed on the y axis

Dependent: The variable that is directly affected by the I.V. This is placed on the x axis

what is the direct, indirect, and constant relationship in a graph?

Direct: as x increase, y increases

Indirect: As x increase, y decreases

Constant: As x increase, y strays the same