AP Psychology: Topic 3.6 - Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan

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42 Terms

1

Ecological systems theory

holds that people encounter different environments throughout their lifespan that may influence behavior in varying degrees

<p>holds that people encounter different environments throughout their lifespan that may influence behavior in varying degrees</p>
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2

Microsystem

an individual's immediate environment which includes the people the person interacts with daily, having the most direct, immediate impact on the individual

<p>an individual's immediate environment which includes the people the person interacts with daily, having the most direct, immediate impact on the individual</p>
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3

Mesosystem

a connection of two or more microsystems, such as a child's home and school

<p>a connection of two or more microsystems, such as a child's home and school</p>
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4

Exosystem

environments in which an individual is not an active participant, yet these still impact the person's development (e.g., mass media or government policies)

<p>environments in which an individual is not an active participant, yet these still impact the person's development (e.g., mass media or government policies)</p>
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5

Macrosystem

the collection of broad systems that surround an individual such as cultural values, laws, and social customs

<p>the collection of broad systems that surround an individual such as cultural values, laws, and social customs</p>
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6

Chronosystem

all of the experiences a person has had during their lifetime, including environmental events, major life transitions, and historical events

<p>all of the experiences a person has had during their lifetime, including environmental events, major life transitions, and historical events</p>
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7

Authoritarian parenting

a style of parenting in which a parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

<p>a style of parenting in which a parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child</p>
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8

Authoritative parenting

a style of parenting characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

<p>a style of parenting characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making</p>
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9

Permissive parenting

a style of parenting in which few, if any, demands are made on a child's behavior

<p>a style of parenting in which few, if any, demands are made on a child's behavior</p>
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10

Attachment styles

a theory about the early bonds between infants and their parents/caregivers with the idea that babies need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival

<p>a theory about the early bonds between infants and their parents/caregivers with the idea that babies need to form a close relationship with at least one primary caregiver to ensure their survival</p>
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11

Secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

<p>a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver</p>
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12

Insecure attachment

characterized by lack of trust, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors; results from trauma, neglect, or abuse

<p>characterized by lack of trust, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors; results from trauma, neglect, or abuse</p>
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13

Avoidant attachment

characterized by physical and emotional independence from a caregiver; results from a caregiver who does not show nurturing other than providing necessities such as food and shelter

<p>characterized by physical and emotional independence from a caregiver; results from a caregiver who does not show nurturing other than providing necessities such as food and shelter</p>
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14

Anxious attachment

characterized by insecurity, fear of abandonment, and mistrust; results from a caregiver who fails to give attention and show affection in a dependable way

<p>characterized by insecurity, fear of abandonment, and mistrust; results from a caregiver who fails to give attention and show affection in a dependable way</p>
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15

Disorganized attachment

characterized by conflicting feelings of wanting to be cared for while simultaneously being intensely afraid of such a relationship; results from a parent who repeatedly causes a state of fear in a child

<p>characterized by conflicting feelings of wanting to be cared for while simultaneously being intensely afraid of such a relationship; results from a parent who repeatedly causes a state of fear in a child</p>
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16

Separation anxiety

excessive fear or distress about separation from a caregiver

<p>excessive fear or distress about separation from a caregiver</p>
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17

Temperament

an individual's basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin rather than learned

<p>an individual's basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin rather than learned</p>
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18

Parallel play

activity in which children play side by side with similar toys without interacting

<p>activity in which children play side by side with similar toys without interacting</p>
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19

Imaginary audience

a common adolescent belief that they are under constant, close observation by peers, family, and even strangers

<p>a common adolescent belief that they are under constant, close observation by peers, family, and even strangers</p>
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20

Personal fable

a common adolescent belief that they are unique, so none of life's dangers or difficulties will affect them regardless of their behavior

<p>a common adolescent belief that they are unique, so none of life's dangers or difficulties will affect them regardless of their behavior</p>
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21

Social clock

the cultural timeline set by a society on what should happen at given stages of life (e.g., marriage, parenthood, and retirement)

<p>the cultural timeline set by a society on what should happen at given stages of life (e.g., marriage, parenthood, and retirement)</p>
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22

Emerging adulthood

a period from about age 18 to 25 when adolescents gradually rely less on parents and develop adult level commitments toward romantic relationships and work

<p>a period from about age 18 to 25 when adolescents gradually rely less on parents and develop adult level commitments toward romantic relationships and work</p>
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23

Stage theory of psychosocial development

Erikson's theory that personality is shaped in a sequence of eight stages that occur over time and through the influence of other people

<p>Erikson's theory that personality is shaped in a sequence of eight stages that occur over time and through the influence of other people</p>
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24

Trust vs. mistrust stage

the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers

<p>the period during which infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers</p>
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25

Autonomy vs. shame & doubt stage

the period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected

<p>the period during which toddlers develop independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected</p>
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26

Initiative vs. guilt stage

the period during which children experience conflict between independent actions and the sometimes negative results of their actions

<p>the period during which children experience conflict between independent actions and the sometimes negative results of their actions</p>
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27

Industry vs. inferiority stage

the period from age 6 to 12 when children develop confidence in their own efforts and are able to respond to feedback from adults about their efforts

<p>the period from age 6 to 12 when children develop confidence in their own efforts and are able to respond to feedback from adults about their efforts</p>
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28

Identity vs. role confusion stage

a period when adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self and what makes them unique

<p>a period when adolescents explore their independence and develop a sense of self and what makes them unique</p>
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29

Intimacy vs. isolation stage

a period during early adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of close relationships

<p>a period during early adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of close relationships</p>
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30

Generativity vs. stagnation stage

a time of adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of making a positive contribution to the world while dealing with being unproductive or lacking a sense of purpose

<p>a time of adulthood when individuals engage with the challenges of making a positive contribution to the world while dealing with being unproductive or lacking a sense of purpose</p>
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31

Integrity vs. despair stage

when older individuals reflect on their life and come away with a sense of fulfillment (a life well-lived) or a sense of regret (a life misspent)

<p>when older individuals reflect on their life and come away with a sense of fulfillment (a life well-lived) or a sense of regret (a life misspent)</p>
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32

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)

traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life

<p>traumatic childhood experiences, such as abuse, neglect, violence exposure, or death of a parent, that are linked to mental and physical health problems later in life</p>
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33

Achievement

the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives

<p>the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives</p>
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34

Diffusion

when an adolescent has not yet developed a firm identity, or their identity is in a state of crisis and they haven't committed to a resolution

<p>when an adolescent has not yet developed a firm identity, or their identity is in a state of crisis and they haven't committed to a resolution</p>
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35

Foreclosure

when an adolescent has not explored other identities, but is committed to one or more choices

<p>when an adolescent has not explored other identities, but is committed to one or more choices</p>
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36

Moratorium

when an adolescent is actively exploring their identity but has yet to make a commitment

<p>when an adolescent is actively exploring their identity but has yet to make a commitment</p>
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37

Racial/ethnic identity

the sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feelings that are associated with that membership

<p>the sense of membership in a racial or ethnic group and the feelings that are associated with that membership</p>
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38

Sexual orientation

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted

<p>a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted</p>
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39

Religious identity

the sense of group membership in a religion and the importance of this membership as it pertains to one's self-concept

<p>the sense of group membership in a religion and the importance of this membership as it pertains to one's self-concept</p>
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40

Occupational identity

the conscious awareness of oneself as a worker and how you feel about your occupation

<p>the conscious awareness of oneself as a worker and how you feel about your occupation</p>
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41

Familial identity

a sense of group membership in a family and the importance of this group membership as it pertains to one's self-concept

<p>a sense of group membership in a family and the importance of this group membership as it pertains to one's self-concept</p>
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42

Possible selves

individuals' ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming

<p>individuals' ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming</p>
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