simplest self-reproducing unit that can exist independently
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Species
group of interbreeding organisms that produce fertile offspring
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Evolution
change over time
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Natural Selection
some individuals survive and reproduce more than others in a particular environment as a result of variation among individuals that can be passed down to next generation
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Energy
the ability to do work
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Energetics
the flow of energy and its changes from one form to another
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Deoxyribonucleic acid - DNA
carrier of genetic information for all organisms
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System
group of things that function together as a whole
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Abiotic
non-living components of an environment
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Biotic
living organisms
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Biological System
made up of both biotic and abiotic entities that interact
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Scientific Inquiry
the process scientists use to ask questions and seek answers about the world in a deliberate and ordered way
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Observation
the action or process of observing something or someone carefully or in order to gain information.
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Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
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Controlled Experiment
An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.
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Test Group/experimental group
experiences the variable
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Control Group
the group that does not receive the experimental treatment.
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Independent Variable
variable that is manipulated
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dependent variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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negative control group
group where there should not be an effect
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positive control group
group where an effect is expected
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null hypothesis
the hypothesis that there is no significant difference between specified populations, any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error.
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alternative hypothesis
The hypothesis that states there is a difference between two or more sets of data.
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matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
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atom
Basic unit of matter
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molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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organic molecule
A molecule containing carbon that is a part of or produced by living systems.
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nucleus
Control center of the cell
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proton
positively charged particle
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neutron
no charge
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electron
negatively charged particle
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atomic number
number of protons
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element
A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
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atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons - total mass of atom
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isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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ion
A charged atom
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energy level/electron shell
where electrons circle around the nucleus
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valence electron
Electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom
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periodic table of elements
A table that classifies elements by their physical and chemical properties; rows are called periods; columns are called groups
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chemical bond
the force that holds two atoms together
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covalent bond
A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule
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single bond
A pair of shared electrons
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double bond
A covalent bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms
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electronegativity
the ability of an atom to attract electrons
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polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
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nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
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ionic bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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chemical reaction
process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
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reactant
A chemical substance that is present at the start of a chemical reaction
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product
A substance produced in a chemical reaction
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polymer
molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
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monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
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protein
An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells - contains N, C, H, O, and sometimes sulfur
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amino acid
Building blocks of protein
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nucleic acid
macromolecule containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
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ribonucleic acid - RNA
single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose
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nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
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carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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lipid
macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
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hydrophobic
Water fearing
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hydrophilic
water loving
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polar
Molecule with partial charges. Mixes with water.
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hydrogen bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
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cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
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surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid
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specific heat
the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
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solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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acid
any compound that forms H+ ions in solution - low #
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base
A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution - high #
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pH scale
scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic
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dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction
a chemical reaction in which two or more molecules combine resulting in the loss of a water molecule - makes molecule bigger
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hydrolysis reaction
A chemical reaction that breaks apart a larger molecule by adding a molecule of water
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functional group
A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions.
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ribose
sugar in RNA
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deoxyribose
sugar in DNA
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disaccharide
A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis.
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polysaccharide
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
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complex carboyhydrate
long branched chains of monosaccharides
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cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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plasma membrane
A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells
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triacylglycerol
three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule
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glycerol
Combines with fatty acids to make lipids.
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fatty acid
Building Blocks of Lipids
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saturated vs unsaturated fatty acid
a) saturated - no carbon double bond ~ straight
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b) unsaturated - at lease one carbon double bond ~ bends
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van der waal force
attraction force between the positive region on one molecule and the negative region on another molecule - weak
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steriod
A lipid that is composed of 4 fused carbon rings, commonly found in cell membranes.
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peptide bond
The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
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polypeptide
A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
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primary structure
sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure
Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet.
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tertiary structure
the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain.
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quaternary structure
the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
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alpha helix
the spiral shape resulting from the coiling of a polypeptide in a protein's secondary structure
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Flashcard (27)