Disease and Immunity

- Disease

External organism enters your body causing structural or functional damage to a part or organ of your body which is not due to accidental injury

- Immunity

Body's capacity to prevent pathogens from harming the body and it builds over time. Stores memory of past diseases to prevent them in the future. Depends on body structure, age and function.

- Pathogen

An organism that causes a disease

- Transmissible diseases

Disease can be transferred by touch and blood transfusion. Direct/ indirect contact from healthy to infected body

- What all can cause diseases

Bacteria, virus and fungi

- Influenza

* How does one catch influenza

it is an airborne microorganism

* How does influenza harm

Affects respiratory system, except the lung. It is not fatal

* How is influenza solved

* Can be easily solved as it only affects the tract
* Excess mucus is generated when we have a cold so other organisms get trapped
* Then excess mucus is removed through blowing your nose- gets rid of bacteria

- Dengue Fever

* What type of infection is dengue fever

It is a viral infection- caused by a virus

* How does dengue fever harm the body

* Decreases platelets in the body
* They hold water so without them - body will be dehydrated

* How does one catch dengue fever

From mosquitos that grow in fresh water, they have dengue present in their salivary glands hence when they bite you, you get it

* Solution to dengue fever

Patients take ORS - oral rehydration therapy

- Malaria

* How does one get malaria

* From an insect (Female anaphilis mosquito)
* Stored in their glands it enters your liver - plasmodium parasite

* How does malaria affect the body

* It attacks the RBC ⇒ kills them
* No more O2 is transposed ⇒ bone makes RBC

* Symptoms of malaria

* Spleens get swollen due to WBC production


* Fewer cycles- RBC burst this increases fever, as bone marrow make RBC in the night because of biological clock
* Fewer happens- increase in temp to kill bacteria

- Hepatitis A

* How does Hepatitis A happen

Bacterial- Through contaminated food and water, indirectly transmitted

* How does Hep A harm the body

* Hep means liver Itis means infection⇒ attacks your liver - the cells swell

- Symptoms

* No proper symptoms ⇒ identified cause it happens with another disease
* Basic: weakness and nausea 24/7

* How is hep A detected

* By blood test or sonography
* difficult to diagnose - not easily identifiable

* How does Hep B happen

Exchange of bodily fluids, Blood transfusion-happens because of mixing different blood groups.

- How is blood group determined

Antigen and antibody ratio

* How does Hep B affect the body?

Liver cells are killed

* Symptoms of Hep B

Nausea, tiredness and dehydration

* How is Hep B solved

Medication to flush out toxins

* How does HIV happen

Exchange of bodily fluids by unprotected sex, blood(used needle), placenta or breastmilk

What is HIV

Virus Human immuno deficiency virus

* How does HIV affect

Attacks T lymphocytes (WBC) reduces their count and replicates its count- affected by other disease cause you are so weak

* Symptoms of HIV

Nausea, tiredness, cough, cold and migranes

* Cure for HIV

* ART (anti retroviral treatment)
* Combination of medications (zidovidune)
* Stops virus from reproducing

- Methods of reducing spread of HIV

* Wearing protection
* Using sterile needles
* Getting tested before copulation
* Spread awareness

* How does AIDS happen

* Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome, happens only if you already have HIV
* HIV if undetected for a long time will become part of WBC and train it to attack the body

* How does HIV affect the body

Immune system stops working, no cure

* How does NSU happen

During unprotected sex only to men, because urinary and reproductive system are connected.

* What happens to the body in NSU

The bacteria goes to the testicles and they swell up starts at the urethra.

* Causes of NSU

Infertility in men

- Chlamydia

* It is a bacterial infection

* How does Chlamydia happen

Exchange of bodily fluids during unprotected sex OR same needle as another person

* What is affected in a male and female

* Male⇒ Affects urethra
* Female⇒ Vagina and cervix

* Symptoms of chlamydia

Sticky fluid is release, itchy and burning sensation during urination

* How does typhoid spread

contaminated water or the toilet , indiresct contact

* Causes of typhoid

Dehydration, diarrhea and affects digestive system

* How does tuberculosis spread

Through cough, indirect contact- airborne. Cough up blood- spreads bacteria

* what does tuberculosis affects

Lungs because it kills the lung cells

* How does skin help as a physical barrier

* Blocks pathogens from entering the body ⇒ barrier broken only if their is a wound or cut
* Skin is waterproof

- Melanin impact

* Acts as a natural sunscreen ⇒ Protection from radiation
* If UV rays reach organs they will begin to malfunction
* Use antiseptic when skin barrier is burnt

* How does nose hair help as a physical barrier

Traps dust and other pathogens

* How does HCL help as a chemical barrier

Acid in the stomach, the high pH kills the pathogens

* Small intestine helps as a chemical barrier

Chyme mixes with bile that neutralizes acid⇒ intestine where it is alkali

- How does a stomach infection happen

Pathogen grows in acidic pH and sticjs to the lining Enteritis

* How does mucus help as a chemical barrier

Sticks pathogens to nose lining, producing more mucus will remove pathogens by blowing your nose. In the trachea and bronchi

* How do the phagocytes kill bacteria

Engulfs the bacteria and eats it to kill it

* Methods of fighting pathogens by lymphocytes and phagocytes

* Antibodies are created by lymphocytes⇒ the antibodies will perfectly fit onto the receptors on the antigen⇒ antigen antibody complex
* Lymphocyte divides into cloning cells and memory cells
* Antibodies trap the pathogen ⇒ phagocytosis happens
* Movement of flagella is limited because it is trapped
* Lymphocytes release antibodies that trap toxic material(pathogens) and prevent it from spreading

- Antibiotics

* Antibodies attach themselves to the pathogen and break the cell membrane through force and chemical reactions

- Drugs

Any substance taken into the body that alters or influences chemical reactions

* Drugs Used for

Bacterial infections (not viral) to build active immunity.

* How do drugs work

They have an anti -toxin which acts as an antibody for the bacteria.

- 2 kinds of antibiotics

Broad spectrum ⇒ detect more than 1 antigen (used when exact infection isn't known) and Narrow spectrum ⇒ Can detect only 1 antigen

- If an antigen isn't present how do we build immunity

Medicines help WBC to make an antibody that will detect the membrane to the specific bacteria

- Antibiotic Resistance

* When you have an antibiotic regularly⇒ the body will mutate the bacteria making the medicine useless
* Mutates over generations changing their antibody shape ⇒ changes its genetic material

- Vaccines

* Fastest and easiest method


* A virus is taken and killed in the laboratory, the dead one is put in a person
* Body doesn't detect it, hence a medicine is given with it ⇒ which detects the virus
* For bacteria no medicine needs to be taken as antibodies will be made
* Side effects: What if dead virus re-alives
* Only the antigen instead of the full virus/bacteria is used
* Anti-toxins made in the lab and put in the body they remain as memory cells
* This method is rarely used as not many bacteria produce toxins
* A long time is spent in research and then a cell is made to replicate the antigen(looks)
* A non virulent strain of the organism is grown
* Removing DNA sequence from virus

* Passive Immunity:

No memory cells involved, directly getting antibodies without antigen. Provides immediate and short term relief (3 months)

* Active immunity

Memory cells are formed, exposure to diseased organism. Provides long term impact but no immediate relief.

* Naturally acquired Active immunity

Pathogens enter the body and this induces the antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

* Naturally acquired Passive immunity

Antibodies go to the child through placenta or mothers milk

* Artificially acquired Active immunity

Antigens introduced in vaccines, body's immune system is triggered. Vaccines

* Artificially acquired Passive immunity

Preformed antibodies are introduced into the body

* When is an Autoimmune disease caused

When the person's immune system is targeting and destroying body cells

* How is Type 1 Diabetes caused

Genetically

* What happens in Type 1 Diabetes

Insulin producing cells in the pancreas are attacked, leading to the inability to control blood glucose levels. Before the age of 20

* Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

* Weight loss⇒ Reduced production of glycogen stored fats get used up. More glucose in the blood brain doesn't let body it
* thirst⇒ Water potential is reduced hence more water goes into the blood
* tiredness⇒ No stored glycogen, the body will have less resources to fall back on

* Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

* Supplement with insulin via injections.
* Diets are restricted
* Exercise: Glucose floating around in blood it needs to get used up

- Use of insulin

Converts excess glucose into glycogen⇒ no insulin can cause high BP and affect you heart rate

* When does Herd Immunity happen

Large sum of the population is vaccinated or get the disease hence they don't spread the disease

* How does Herd Immunity help

* People who don't take the vaccine will gain immunity
* useful for those that have weak immunities (older people) and babies who can't take vaccine

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- Type 1 Diabetes

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