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Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, it emphasizes the pursuit of enlightenment through practices like meditation.
Calvinism
A branch of Protestantism based on John Calvin's teachings, emphasizing predestination and God's sovereignty.
Renaissance Man
A term describing individuals who excel in multiple disciplines, exemplified by figures like Leonardo da Vinci.
Gutenberg printing press
Invented by Johannes Gutenberg, it revolutionized book production and literacy rates in Europe.
Mansa Musa
The wealthy Malian emperor known for his pilgrimage to Mecca and promoting the spread of Islam in Africa.
Suleiman the Magnificent
The longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, noted for territorial expansion and legal reform.
Navigational Technology
Advancements like the astrolabe and caravel ships that facilitated long sea voyages during exploration.
Polytheist
Belief in multiple gods, common in many ancient religions.
Jesuits
Members of the Society of Jesus known for their educational, missionary, and charitable works.
Protestant Reformation
A movement in the 16th century leading to significant religious and political upheaval, fracturing the Catholic Church's monopoly.
Islam
A monotheistic religion founded by the Prophet Muhammad, based on the Quran and emphasizing submission to the will of Allah.
Renaissance
A cultural movement spanning from the 14th to 17th centuries, characterized by a revival of interest in art, science, and classical literature.
The Reformation
The 16th-century religious movement that led to the establishment of Protestant churches and reforms within the Catholic Church.
Feudalism
A social and economic system in medieval Europe where land was held in exchange for service and loyalty.
Mercantilism
An economic theory prevalent in the 16th to 18th centuries that emphasized the role of the state in managing the economy and increasing national wealth.
Colonialism
The practice of acquiring full or partial control over another country, often establishing settlements and exploiting resources.
Humanism
A philosophical and cultural approach that emphasizes human values, interests, and dignity, often in contrast to religious themes.
The Enlightenment
An intellectual movement in the 17th and 18th centuries advocating reason, scientific
Buddhist Meditation
A practice central to Buddhism aimed at calming the mind and achieving enlightenment.
Calvinist Scholarship
The study and interpretation of scripture emphasizing God's sovereignty and grace.
Mannerism
An artistic style that emerged in the late Renaissance, characterized by exaggerated proportions and compositions.
Printing Revolution
A period during the 15th and 16th centuries marked by the spread of printed materials, greatly influencing literacy and education.
Timbuktu
A historical city in Mali known for its role in trade, scholarship, and as a center of Islamic culture.
The Safavid Empire
An empire that ruled Persia, known for its significant developments in art, culture, and the establishment of Shia Islam as the state religion.
Naval Exploration
The exploration of maritime routes and territories, significantly propelled by advancements in shipbuilding and navigation.
Polytheistic Religions
Religions that worship multiple gods, such as Hinduism and Ancient Greek religion.
Jesuit Education
A system of education developed by Jesuits focusing on holistic development, critical thinking, and moral values.
Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation aimed at reforming the church and reaffirming Catholic doctrines.
Islamic Golden Age
A period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, spanning from the 8th to the 14th centuries.
Artistic Techniques of the Renaissance
Innovative methods like linear perspective and chiaroscuro that enhanced the realism of art during the Renaissance.
The Council of Trent
A key part of the Counter-Reformation that addressed church reform and clarified Catholic doctrine.
Feudal Relationships
The obligations and duties between lords and vassals in the feudal system, often involving land and military service.
Economic Expansion in Colonialism
The increase in trade and exploitation of colonies for resources and markets during the age of colonialism.
Humanist Thinkers
Influential figures like Erasmus and Thomas More who emphasized reason and human potential in their writings.
The Age of Reason
A period during the Enlightenment where philosophical thought emphasized logic and empirical evidence over tradition.
Indulgences
Prayers and charitable acts that could reduce the punishment for sin in the Catholic Church, often criticized during the Reformation.
Transubstantiation
The doctrine in Catholicism that bread and wine during Mass become the body and blood of Christ.
Socratic Method
A form of cooperative argumentative dialogue that stimulates critical thinking, used by Socrates.
Scientific Revolution
A period in the 16th and 17th centuries marked by advancements in scientific thought and methodologies.
Neoclassicism
An artistic movement inspired by the classical art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome.
Renaissance Literature
Literary works characterized by a focus on human experience and classical themes, with authors like Shakespeare and Dante.
Deism
A philosophical belief in a creator who does not intervene in the universe, common during the Enlightenment.
Baroque Art
An artistic style known for its drama, movement, and emotional intensity, especially in the 17th century.
Capitalism
An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and the free market.
Social Contract
A theory that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to form an organized society and government.
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