APUSH UNIT 3 VOCAB

French and Indian War

A conflict between Britian and France (1754-1763) over territorial disputes between the British and French empires, which also involved native american alliances on both sides.

Albany Congress (Albany Convention)

An early attempt at colonial unity in 1754, where representatives from several colonies met to discuss mutual defense against French threats and coordinate efforts during the French and Indian War.

Impressement

The act of forcibly drafting individuals into military service, particularly practiced by the British navy during the War of 1812, leading to tensions with the United States.

Peace of Paris

A series of treaties that ended the French and Indian War in 1763, which resulted in the cession of French territories in North America to Britain.

• Colonists pushed westward to explore new lands, encroaching on native americans lands

  • Pontiac led raids against colonist to stop the encroachment onto their lands.

Proclomation Line of 1963

The Proclamation Line of 1763 was a boundary established by the British government that prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains to stabilize relations with Native Americans and prevent conflicts.

Navigation Acts

Restricted the trade of the colonies to British Ships and British Merchants.

Salutary Neglect

A British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England. It allowed colonies more freedom, fostering economic independence. This led the colonies to have a sense of self indepdendence and self governance.

Quatering act of 1765

A British law requiring American colonists to provide housing and provisions for British soldiers stationed in the colonies.

Sugar Act

A British law imposed in 1764 that taxed sugar and molasses imported into the American colonies, aimed at reducing smuggling and increasing revenue for Britain.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British law that required colonists to purchase special stamped paper for legal documents, newspapers, and other publications, generating revenue and angering colonists. “led to no taxation without representation”

Declatory Act

A British law passed in 1766 that asserted Parliament's authority to make laws binding the American colonies "in all cases whatsoever," reaffirming Britain's control over colonial affairs.

Townshend Act

A series of laws enacted in 1767 that imposed duties on imported goods such as tea, glass, and paper, leading to increased tensions between Britain and the American colonies.

• Led to Boycotting, women spun their own clothing, and didnt buy tea.

Currency Act

A law passed in 1764 that prohibited the American colonies from issuing their own currency. This act aimed to control the flow of money in the colonies and ensured that British currencies were used.

Sons of Liberty

A colonial protest group formed in 1765 that opposed British taxation and policies, using strategies like boycotting and activism to advocate for colonial rights.

Daughters of Liberty

A women's organization formed in the American colonies during the pre-Revolutionary period, supporting the boycotts of British goods and promoting domestic production as a response to British economic policies.

Boston Massacre

An incident in 1770 where British soldiers killed five colonial civilians during a confrontation in Boston, fueling anti-British sentiments.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest by the Sons of Liberty against British taxation, where they disguised themselves as Mohawk Indians and dumped an entire shipment of tea into Boston Harbor.

Intolerable Acts

A series of punitive measures enacted by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party, aimed at reasserting control over the colonies and including the closing of Boston Harbor and changed the governance of Massachusetts from colonial to british gov official

Continental Congress of 1774

The first gathering of colonial delegates in response to the Intolerable Acts, aimed at coordinating resistance against British policies and seeking redress of grievances.

John Locke

Argued that leigtimate government can only exist by the consent of the governed. Natural rights are given by the creator life libety and property, self rule.

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Power to govern is in the hands of the people, people willingly give up some of their power to the people, as long as the gov. protects citizens natural rights

Montesquieu

A French philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers within government to prevent tyranny, influencing the structure of modern democratic systems.

Thomas Paine

An influential writer and political activist, he authored "Common Sense," which argued for American independence from Britain and inspired revolutionary sentiment among the colonists.

Second Continental Congress

The assembly of colonial representatives that convened in 1775, acting as a de facto national government during the Revolutionary War, managing the war effort and adopting the Declaration of Independence in 1776.

Patriots

Colonial rebels who supported independence from Britain, fighting against Loyalists during the American Revolution.

Loyalist

Colonists who remained loyal to Britain during the American Revolution and opposed independence.

Lord Dunmore’s Proclomation (1775) and Phillisburg Proclamation (1779)

Both were declarations by British officials offering freedom to enslaved individuals who would join the British forces during the American Revolution, aiming to weaken the colonial rebellion.

Battle of Saratoga

Big Turning Point, it convinced France to ally with the American colonies, greatly bolstering their war efforts.

Battle of Yorktown

The final major battle of the American Revolutionary War, resulting in the British surrender and a decisive victory for the American colonies.

Paris Peace Treaty

Formally ended the Revolutionary War in 1783, recognizing American independence and establishing borders.

Republican of Motherhood

A 18th-century ideology that emphasized women's roles in nurturing and educating future citizens, promoting the idea that women should be educated to fulfill their duties as mothers in a democratic society.

French Revolution 1789

A period of radical social and political change in France, beginning with the overthrow of the monarchy and leading to the establishment of a republic, heavily influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the American Revolution.

• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen: A fundamental document of the French Revolution, outlining individual and collective rights, inspired by the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Haitain Revolution 1791

A successful anti-colonial uprising against French colonial rule in Haiti, leading to the establishment of Haiti as the first independent black republic and a symbol of freedom.

• Led by Toussaint Louverture

Articles of Confederation

The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which established a weak central government and was eventually replaced by the US Constitution due to its inability to maintain order and address economic challenges.

• Each state had an equal amouunt of repreenetatives, each state had 1 veto, and 9 out 13 votes for Article of Confederation to be changed

Limits of Article of Confederationn

The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation included a lack of federal authority to enforce laws, regulate commerce, and impose taxes, leading to economic turmoil and difficulties in governance.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Legislation that established a method for admitting new states to the Union and outlined the process for governing the Northwest Territory. Orderly means how new states could be formed

Shay Rebellion

A series of protests in 1786-1787 by American farmers against state and local enforcement of tax collections and judgments for debt, highlighting the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

Constitutional Convention

A gathering in 1787 where delegates from the states convened to address the problems of the weak central government established by the Articles of Confederation, ultimately leading to the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

Virginia Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a strong national government with three branches and a bicameral legislature (two houses in congress states would have representatio based on population), favoring larger states by basing representation on population.

New Jersey Plan

A proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state, favoring smaller states by ensuring that each state had the same number of votes regardless of population.

Great Compromise

Established a Bicameral Legislature, The house of Representatives: states by population, and directly elected by the people. Senates each state fets equal representation 2 votes, elected by state legislatures.

Three Fifth Compromise

An agreement at the Constitutional Convention that counted each enslaved person as three-fifths of a person for purposes of taxation and representation in Congress, balancing the interests of slave and free states.

Federalists People

who supported the ratification of the Constitution and a strong central government, advocating for a system that balanced power between state and national interests. Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay

Federalist Papers

A series of 85 essays written to promote the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, advocating for a strong federal government and explaining the intentions behind the Constitution's provisions.

Anti Federalists

Opponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, who feared that a strong central government would threaten individual liberties and state sovereignty. They advocated for a Bill of Rights to protect personal freedoms.

Federalism

A political system in which power is divided between the national and state governments, allowing each to exercise authority in specific areas.

Checks and Balances

A system in which the powers of government are divided among different branches, each having some measure of influence over the other branches to prevent any one branch from gaining too much power.

National Bank

A financial institution chartered by the federal government to manage the nation's money supply and provide stability in the financial system, and improve US credit.

Proclamation of Neutrality

A declaration by President George Washington in 1793, stating that the United States would remain neutral in conflicts between foreign nations, specifically in the war between Britain and France.

Jay Treaty

A 1794 agreement between the United States and Great Britain aimed at resolving issues remaining since the Treaty of Paris, including trade relations and the withdrawal of British troops from American soil.

Pickney Treaty

A 1795 agreement between the United States and Spain that resolved territorial disputes and granted Americans the right to navigate the Mississippi River and deposit goods at New Orleans.

Whiskey Rebellion

A 1794 uprising of farmers in western Pennsylvania against the federal excise tax on whiskey, which was seen as a violation of their rights and led to a significant test of federal authority.

Alexander Hamilton

One of the founding fathers and the first Secretary of the Treasury, he was a key architect of the American financial system and a major proponent of a strong central government. Federalist favored urban elites

Thomas Jefferson & James Madison

Key figures in the early United States, they were founding fathers who opposed Hamilton's Federalist policies, advocating for states' rights and agrarian interests while promoting the Democratic-Republican Party.

John Adams

The second president of the United States, he was a key figure in the American Revolution, a founding father, and served as a diplomat in Europe. Adams was a Federalist who promoted a strong central government.

• XYZ Affair

• Alien and Sedition Acts

• Viriginia and Kentuck Resolution

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident that occurred in 1797-1798 between the United States and France, where French agents demanded bribes from American diplomats. This affair led to an undeclared naval conflict known as the Quasi-War.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Laws passed in 1798 that aimed to strengthen national security by restricting immigration and limiting free speech, targeting political dissenters.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolution

Political statements in 1798-1799 by Virginia and Kentucky legislatures asserting that states could nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional, challenging federal authority.