science q3 exam

the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

What is genetics?

physical traits, life functions, and behavior

What do genes determine?

one is sections of DNA that contain information for a particular traits and the other is a variation  of genes allowing for diverse expression 

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

Asexual reproduction - occurs in unicellular (bacteria) and some multicellular organisms one organism makes copies of itself and its genes; Sexual reproduction - Offspring receive half of their genes from an egg cell and half from a sperm cell 

What are 2 ways organisms are passed traits and describe the difference between the 2 ways?

Yes unless your an identical twin

Are your combination of genes unique?

No some are learned from your environment

Are ALL traits inherited? 

To understand how traits are inherited, To find out how species are related (common ancestors), Learn how genetics play a role in development of disease, Learn of genes control growth and development

What are the 4 reasons scientists study genetics? 

the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits; ex. breeding dogs

What is selective breeding? Give an example. 

Gregor Mendel

Who experimented with pea plants? 

that trait blended from parents to offspring

What popular theory did Mendel reject? 

The offsprings

What is a hybrid?

a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor

What is a dominant trait?

a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor 

What is a recessive trait?

Uppercase 

What letter represents a dominant trait?

Lowercase

What letter represents a recessive trait?

Dominant

If an individual is heterozygous will the dominant or recessive trait show as the phenotype?

when an organism's genotype has 2 different alleles

What does heterozygous mean? 

Tt

what is an example of a heterozygous genotype

when an organism’s phenotype has 2 of the same alleles

What does homozygous mean?

TT

what is an example of a homozygous dominant genotype

tt

what is an example of a homozygous recessive genotype

Mendel

Who is the father of genetics?

no

Do probabilities/predictions guarantee outcomes?

A cross between 2 individuals that are hybrids for one trait

What does monohybrid cross mean?

To show the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

when an offspring’s phenotype is a combination of its parent’s phenotypes

What is incomplete dominance?

white and black dog produce a gray offspring

what is an example of incomplete dominance?

when both alleles can be independently observed in a phenotype 

What is codominance?

 a person with type AB blood

what is an example of codominance?

XY

 What sex chromosomes do males have? 

X

What sex chromosomes do females have? 

Traits that  are controlled by many genes causing a range of outcomes

What is polygenic inheritance? 

human height

What is an example of polygenic inheritance? 

It shows a genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family

What is a pedigree? 

yes

Are some diseases more common in some families than others? 

any permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene or chromosome of a cell

What is a mutation? 

Blood cells

What is the main example of a mutation used in class (th picture / case study)?

to modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal

What is the purpose of genetic engineering? 

Some people cannot produce insulin, Scientists inserted the human  insulin gene into bacteria, Bacteria produce human insulin, Human who cannot produce insulin inject this insulin  to reach homeostasis

What is a real-world example of genetic engineering?

macromolecules

substances that form from joining many small molecules together

cellular respiration

the process that cells get energy from glucose

monosaccharides

simple sugars

amino acids

the building blocks of protein

nucleotides

molecules made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate

homeostasis

the ability to maintain constant internal conditions when outside conditions change

negative feedback

a control system that helps the body maintain homeostasis by sending a signal to stop a response

positive feedback

a control system that sends a signal to increase a response

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

What 6 elements make up 99% of the body?

groups similar cells that have a common function

What makes up tissue? 

2 or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body 

What makes up organs?

a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

What is an organ system?

cells

What is the smallest living thing? 

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What are the four macromolecules?

Carbohydrates

Formed when monosaccharides (simple sugars) are formed together

Lipids

Also called fats, help insulate your body

Proteins

give cell structure, help cells communicate, and work as enzymes

Nucleic Acids

Formed when nucleotides join together

contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds

What are organic molecules?

substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

What are inorganic molecules?

one can be made from ionic or covalent bonds. one substances that cannot be broken down

What is the difference between compounds and elements?  

Peristalsis

What is the picture representing?

excretory system

What system removes waste from the body? 

internal Temperature, hunger

What is an example of negative feedback?

childbirth, blood clotting

What is an example of positive feedback?

mechanical and chemical

What two types of digestion exist? 

the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (slower), the nervous system uses electrical signaling (faster)

How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in their response to change? 

Pacemaker in the nervous system

How does the heart beat without you telling it to?

villi. blood and lymph vessels

What tiny structures line the small intestine and what is contained in them? 

your pupils get bigger

What happens to your eyes in the dark? 

all of the systems

What organ systems work to maintain homeostasis?

Contract to help move food; they help chew the food

How do muscles aid the digestive system at the stomach? 

For cellular respiration to work

Why do the cells of the body need oxygen? 

Biome

is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features

Deserts

are biomes that receive very little rain

Grasslands

are areas where grasses are the dominant plants

Temperate

regions of Earth between the tropics and the polar circles

Taiga

is a forest biome consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees

Tundra

biome is cold, dry, and treeless

Salinity

the amount of salt dissolved in water

Wetland

aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time

Estuary

regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of saltwater

Intertidal Zone

the ocean shore between the lowest tide and the highest high tide

Coral Reef

underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral

Desert Characteristics

Receive very little rain, Earth’s driest ecosystems

Grassland Characteristics

Biomes where grasses are dominant plants, Known as the world’s “breadbaskets”, Grass roots form sod with helps the soil to absorb and hold water

Tropical Rainforest Characteristics

Weather is warm and wet year-round

Temperate Rainforest Characteristics

Mild climates with very distinct seasons

Temperate Deciduous Forest Characteristics

Most common in the United States, Trees lose their leaves in the fall

Taiga Characteristics

Consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees, Occupies more space on Earth’s continents than any other biome

Tundra Characteristics

Has permafrost - a layer of permanently frozen soil

Freshwater: Streams and Rivers Characteristics

Form from underground sources of water, When streams flow together

Freshwater: Lakes and Ponds Characteristics

Shallow and warm (sunlight reaches bottom), Deeper water is dark and cold

Wetlands Characteristics

Contain freshwater, saltwater or both, Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high

Estuaries Characteristics

Most estuaries form along coastlines where freshwater and saltwater meet

Open Oceans Characteristics

Covers most of the Earth’s surface, Water has HIGH salinity

Coastal Oceans Characteristics

Sunlight can reach the bottom of shallow coastal oceans

Coral Reefs Characteristics

Underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral

Biotic Factors of an Ecosystem

All living organisms, Predators and Prey

Abiotic Factors of an ecosystem

Temperature, Sunlight, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity

the amount of salt dissolved in water

What is salinity?