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the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring
What is genetics?
physical traits, life functions, and behavior
What do genes determine?
one is sections of DNA that contain information for a particular traits and the other is a variation of genes allowing for diverse expression
What is the difference between genes and alleles?
Asexual reproduction - occurs in unicellular (bacteria) and some multicellular organisms one organism makes copies of itself and its genes; Sexual reproduction - Offspring receive half of their genes from an egg cell and half from a sperm cell
What are 2 ways organisms are passed traits and describe the difference between the 2 ways?
Yes unless your an identical twin
Are your combination of genes unique?
No some are learned from your environment
Are ALL traits inherited?
To understand how traits are inherited, To find out how species are related (common ancestors), Learn how genetics play a role in development of disease, Learn of genes control growth and development
What are the 4 reasons scientists study genetics?
the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits; ex. breeding dogs
What is selective breeding? Give an example.
Gregor Mendel
Who experimented with pea plants?
that trait blended from parents to offspring
What popular theory did Mendel reject?
The offsprings
What is a hybrid?
a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor
What is a dominant trait?
a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor
What is a recessive trait?
Uppercase
What letter represents a dominant trait?
Lowercase
What letter represents a recessive trait?
Dominant
If an individual is heterozygous will the dominant or recessive trait show as the phenotype?
when an organism's genotype has 2 different alleles
What does heterozygous mean?
Tt
what is an example of a heterozygous genotype
when an organism’s phenotype has 2 of the same alleles
What does homozygous mean?
TT
what is an example of a homozygous dominant genotype
tt
what is an example of a homozygous recessive genotype
Mendel
Who is the father of genetics?
no
Do probabilities/predictions guarantee outcomes?
A cross between 2 individuals that are hybrids for one trait
What does monohybrid cross mean?
To show the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
What is the purpose of a Punnett square?
when an offspring’s phenotype is a combination of its parent’s phenotypes
What is incomplete dominance?
white and black dog produce a gray offspring
what is an example of incomplete dominance?
when both alleles can be independently observed in a phenotype
What is codominance?
a person with type AB blood
what is an example of codominance?
XY
What sex chromosomes do males have?
X
What sex chromosomes do females have?
Traits that are controlled by many genes causing a range of outcomes
What is polygenic inheritance?
human height
What is an example of polygenic inheritance?
It shows a genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family
What is a pedigree?
yes
Are some diseases more common in some families than others?
any permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene or chromosome of a cell
What is a mutation?
Blood cells
What is the main example of a mutation used in class (th picture / case study)?
to modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal
What is the purpose of genetic engineering?
Some people cannot produce insulin, Scientists inserted the human insulin gene into bacteria, Bacteria produce human insulin, Human who cannot produce insulin inject this insulin to reach homeostasis
What is a real-world example of genetic engineering?
macromolecules
substances that form from joining many small molecules together
cellular respiration
the process that cells get energy from glucose
monosaccharides
simple sugars
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
nucleotides
molecules made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate
homeostasis
the ability to maintain constant internal conditions when outside conditions change
negative feedback
a control system that helps the body maintain homeostasis by sending a signal to stop a response
positive feedback
a control system that sends a signal to increase a response
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus
What 6 elements make up 99% of the body?
groups similar cells that have a common function
What makes up tissue?
2 or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body
What makes up organs?
a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
What is an organ system?
cells
What is the smallest living thing?
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
What are the four macromolecules?
Carbohydrates
Formed when monosaccharides (simple sugars) are formed together
Lipids
Also called fats, help insulate your body
Proteins
give cell structure, help cells communicate, and work as enzymes
Nucleic Acids
Formed when nucleotides join together
contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds
What are organic molecules?
substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds
What are inorganic molecules?
one can be made from ionic or covalent bonds. one substances that cannot be broken down
What is the difference between compounds and elements?
Peristalsis
What is the picture representing?
excretory system
What system removes waste from the body?
internal Temperature, hunger
What is an example of negative feedback?
childbirth, blood clotting
What is an example of positive feedback?
mechanical and chemical
What two types of digestion exist?
the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (slower), the nervous system uses electrical signaling (faster)
How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in their response to change?
Pacemaker in the nervous system
How does the heart beat without you telling it to?
villi. blood and lymph vessels
What tiny structures line the small intestine and what is contained in them?
your pupils get bigger
What happens to your eyes in the dark?
all of the systems
What organ systems work to maintain homeostasis?
Contract to help move food; they help chew the food
How do muscles aid the digestive system at the stomach?
For cellular respiration to work
Why do the cells of the body need oxygen?
Biome
is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features
Deserts
are biomes that receive very little rain
Grasslands
are areas where grasses are the dominant plants
Temperate
regions of Earth between the tropics and the polar circles
Taiga
is a forest biome consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees
Tundra
biome is cold, dry, and treeless
Salinity
the amount of salt dissolved in water
Wetland
aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time
Estuary
regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of saltwater
Intertidal Zone
the ocean shore between the lowest tide and the highest high tide
Coral Reef
underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral
Desert Characteristics
Receive very little rain, Earth’s driest ecosystems
Grassland Characteristics
Biomes where grasses are dominant plants, Known as the world’s “breadbaskets”, Grass roots form sod with helps the soil to absorb and hold water
Tropical Rainforest Characteristics
Weather is warm and wet year-round
Temperate Rainforest Characteristics
Mild climates with very distinct seasons
Temperate Deciduous Forest Characteristics
Most common in the United States, Trees lose their leaves in the fall
Taiga Characteristics
Consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees, Occupies more space on Earth’s continents than any other biome
Tundra Characteristics
Has permafrost - a layer of permanently frozen soil
Freshwater: Streams and Rivers Characteristics
Form from underground sources of water, When streams flow together
Freshwater: Lakes and Ponds Characteristics
Shallow and warm (sunlight reaches bottom), Deeper water is dark and cold
Wetlands Characteristics
Contain freshwater, saltwater or both, Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high
Estuaries Characteristics
Most estuaries form along coastlines where freshwater and saltwater meet
Open Oceans Characteristics
Covers most of the Earth’s surface, Water has HIGH salinity
Coastal Oceans Characteristics
Sunlight can reach the bottom of shallow coastal oceans
Coral Reefs Characteristics
Underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral
Biotic Factors of an Ecosystem
All living organisms, Predators and Prey
Abiotic Factors of an ecosystem
Temperature, Sunlight, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity
the amount of salt dissolved in water
What is salinity?