science q3 exam

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the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

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1

the study of how traits are passed from parents to offspring

What is genetics?

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2

physical traits, life functions, and behavior

What do genes determine?

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one is sections of DNA that contain information for a particular traits and the other is a variation  of genes allowing for diverse expression 

What is the difference between genes and alleles?

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Asexual reproduction - occurs in unicellular (bacteria) and some multicellular organisms one organism makes copies of itself and its genes; Sexual reproduction - Offspring receive half of their genes from an egg cell and half from a sperm cell 

What are 2 ways organisms are passed traits and describe the difference between the 2 ways?

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Yes unless your an identical twin

Are your combination of genes unique?

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No some are learned from your environment

Are ALL traits inherited? 

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To understand how traits are inherited, To find out how species are related (common ancestors), Learn how genetics play a role in development of disease, Learn of genes control growth and development

What are the 4 reasons scientists study genetics? 

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the selection and breeding of organisms for desired traits; ex. breeding dogs

What is selective breeding? Give an example. 

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Gregor Mendel

Who experimented with pea plants? 

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that trait blended from parents to offspring

What popular theory did Mendel reject? 

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The offsprings

What is a hybrid?

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a genetic factor that blocks another genetic factor

What is a dominant trait?

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a genetic factor that is blocked by the presence of a dominant factor 

What is a recessive trait?

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Uppercase 

What letter represents a dominant trait?

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Lowercase

What letter represents a recessive trait?

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Dominant

If an individual is heterozygous will the dominant or recessive trait show as the phenotype?

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when an organism's genotype has 2 different alleles

What does heterozygous mean? 

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Tt

what is an example of a heterozygous genotype

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when an organism’s phenotype has 2 of the same alleles

What does homozygous mean?

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TT

what is an example of a homozygous dominant genotype

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tt

what is an example of a homozygous recessive genotype

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Mendel

Who is the father of genetics?

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no

Do probabilities/predictions guarantee outcomes?

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A cross between 2 individuals that are hybrids for one trait

What does monohybrid cross mean?

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To show the probability of all possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

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when an offspring’s phenotype is a combination of its parent’s phenotypes

What is incomplete dominance?

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white and black dog produce a gray offspring

what is an example of incomplete dominance?

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when both alleles can be independently observed in a phenotype 

What is codominance?

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 a person with type AB blood

what is an example of codominance?

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XY

 What sex chromosomes do males have? 

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X

What sex chromosomes do females have? 

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Traits that  are controlled by many genes causing a range of outcomes

What is polygenic inheritance? 

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human height

What is an example of polygenic inheritance? 

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It shows a genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family

What is a pedigree? 

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yes

Are some diseases more common in some families than others? 

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any permanent change in the sequence of DNA in a gene or chromosome of a cell

What is a mutation? 

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Blood cells

What is the main example of a mutation used in class (th picture / case study)?

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to modify the genes to enhance the capabilities of the organism beyond what is normal

What is the purpose of genetic engineering? 

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Some people cannot produce insulin, Scientists inserted the human  insulin gene into bacteria, Bacteria produce human insulin, Human who cannot produce insulin inject this insulin  to reach homeostasis

What is a real-world example of genetic engineering?

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macromolecules

substances that form from joining many small molecules together

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cellular respiration

the process that cells get energy from glucose

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monosaccharides

simple sugars

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amino acids

the building blocks of protein

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nucleotides

molecules made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate

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homeostasis

the ability to maintain constant internal conditions when outside conditions change

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negative feedback

a control system that helps the body maintain homeostasis by sending a signal to stop a response

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positive feedback

a control system that sends a signal to increase a response

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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, Phosphorus

What 6 elements make up 99% of the body?

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groups similar cells that have a common function

What makes up tissue? 

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2 or more tissue types that perform a specific function for the body 

What makes up organs?

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a group of organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose

What is an organ system?

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cells

What is the smallest living thing? 

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Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

What are the four macromolecules?

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Carbohydrates

Formed when monosaccharides (simple sugars) are formed together

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Lipids

Also called fats, help insulate your body

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Proteins

give cell structure, help cells communicate, and work as enzymes

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Nucleic Acids

Formed when nucleotides join together

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contain carbon and other elements held together by covalent bonds

What are organic molecules?

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substances that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds

What are inorganic molecules?

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one can be made from ionic or covalent bonds. one substances that cannot be broken down

What is the difference between compounds and elements?  

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Peristalsis

What is the picture representing?

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excretory system

What system removes waste from the body? 

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internal Temperature, hunger

What is an example of negative feedback?

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childbirth, blood clotting

What is an example of positive feedback?

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mechanical and chemical

What two types of digestion exist? 

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the endocrine system uses chemical signaling (slower), the nervous system uses electrical signaling (faster)

How do the nervous and endocrine systems differ in their response to change? 

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Pacemaker in the nervous system

How does the heart beat without you telling it to?

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villi. blood and lymph vessels

What tiny structures line the small intestine and what is contained in them? 

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your pupils get bigger

What happens to your eyes in the dark? 

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all of the systems

What organ systems work to maintain homeostasis?

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Contract to help move food; they help chew the food

How do muscles aid the digestive system at the stomach? 

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For cellular respiration to work

Why do the cells of the body need oxygen? 

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Biome

is a geographic area on Earth that contains ecosystems with similar biotic and abiotic features

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Deserts

are biomes that receive very little rain

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Grasslands

are areas where grasses are the dominant plants

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Temperate

regions of Earth between the tropics and the polar circles

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Taiga

is a forest biome consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees

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Tundra

biome is cold, dry, and treeless

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Salinity

the amount of salt dissolved in water

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Wetland

aquatic ecosystems that have a thin layer of water covering soil that is wet most of the time

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Estuary

regions along coastlines where streams or rivers flow into a body of saltwater

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Intertidal Zone

the ocean shore between the lowest tide and the highest high tide

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Coral Reef

underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral

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Desert Characteristics

Receive very little rain, Earth’s driest ecosystems

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Grassland Characteristics

Biomes where grasses are dominant plants, Known as the world’s “breadbaskets”, Grass roots form sod with helps the soil to absorb and hold water

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Tropical Rainforest Characteristics

Weather is warm and wet year-round

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Temperate Rainforest Characteristics

Mild climates with very distinct seasons

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Temperate Deciduous Forest Characteristics

Most common in the United States, Trees lose their leaves in the fall

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Taiga Characteristics

Consisting mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees, Occupies more space on Earth’s continents than any other biome

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Tundra Characteristics

Has permafrost - a layer of permanently frozen soil

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Freshwater: Streams and Rivers Characteristics

Form from underground sources of water, When streams flow together

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Freshwater: Lakes and Ponds Characteristics

Shallow and warm (sunlight reaches bottom), Deeper water is dark and cold

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Wetlands Characteristics

Contain freshwater, saltwater or both, Nutrient levels and biodiversity are high

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Estuaries Characteristics

Most estuaries form along coastlines where freshwater and saltwater meet

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Open Oceans Characteristics

Covers most of the Earth’s surface, Water has HIGH salinity

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Coastal Oceans Characteristics

Sunlight can reach the bottom of shallow coastal oceans

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Coral Reefs Characteristics

Underwater structure made from outside skeletons of tiny, soft-bodied animals called coral

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98

Biotic Factors of an Ecosystem

All living organisms, Predators and Prey

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Abiotic Factors of an ecosystem

Temperature, Sunlight, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity

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100

the amount of salt dissolved in water

What is salinity?

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