Exam 1

Enzymes

Promote biochemical reactions in living systems

Genes

Units of hereditary information encoded in DNA

What are the main elements in living systems?

C, N, O, H

What are the lesser elements in living systems?

S, P, Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg

What are the macromolecules?

Nucleic acids, proteins, polysaccharides (carbohydrates), lipids

What are the monomers of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides

What is the bond type of nucleic acids?

Phosphodiester

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What is the bond type of proteins?

Peptide/amide

What is the monomer of polysaccharides?

Monosaccharides

What is the bond type of polysaccharides?

Ester/ glycoside

What is the monomers of lipids

Fatty acids

What is the bond type of polysaccharides?

Ester

Are lipids polymers?

No, they exist as large complexes

What are the main purposes of lipids?

The major structural element of the membrane, partition cells into compartments, energy source, hormones, other

What is an ester bond?

A bond between an acid and an OH

Cell

Universial unit of life

What are the three types of cells?

Bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic

What are the prokaryotes?

Bacteria and archaea

How is the molecular tree of life made?

Based on ribosome RNA sequences

Bacteria pharmaceutical example

Tacrolimus, a antibacterial cream made from A. tsuubaensis. Treats eczema

What is the pharmaceutical example of archaea?

Nanoparticles/liposomes that are used for different dosages to be delivered. Allows drugs to be lipophilic enough to cross membranes and the blood-brain barrier but hydrophilic enough to dissolve. Made from methanobacteria.

What is the pharmaceutical example of eukaryotes?

Fox glove plant can be used as an antiarrhythmic

What are the “special” components of eukaryotes?

Organelles and nucleus

Which cell type is most developed?

Eukaryotes

What are the “special” parts of prokaryotic cells?

Nucleoid

Gram positive bacteria

Retain crystal violet stain and stain purple. Have a thick peptidoglycan wall and teichoic acids in wall, no outer membrane

Gram negative bacteria

Have a thin layer of peptidoglycan, a outer membrane with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Do not retain crystal violet stain, stain pink

Is a gram positive or gram negative cell harder to target?

Gram negative, it’s outer membrane acts as a protective barrier and contributes to antibiotic resistance

Gram positive examples

Staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram negative examples

Escherichia coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa

What is the treatment for gram positive cells?

Amoxicillin

What is the treatment for gram negative cells?

Ciprofloxacin

What is the purpose of the nucleus?

Holds genetic information in the chromosomes

What is the main difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Prokaryotes have circular DNA in nucleoid while eukaryotes have chromosomes in the nucleus

What is the purpose of a ribosome?

To synthesize proteins by translating mRNA

What are the membrane bound organelles?

Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes